Doing Business

Question 1

bankruptcy

Answer 1

ورشکستگی، افلاس، توقف بازرگان
- to declare bankruptcy
- اعلام ورشکستگی کردن
- the bankruptcy of their foreign policy
- ورشکستگی سیاست خارجی آنها
bank‧rupt‧cy /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/ ●●○ noun (plural bankruptcies)
1 [countable, uncountable] the state of being unable to pay your debts SYN insolvency
In 1999 it was revealed that he was close to bankruptcy.
When inflation rises, so do bankruptcies.
2 [uncountable] a total lack of a particular good quality
the moral bankruptcy of terrorism
Examples from the Corpus
bankruptcy
• With the abrupt economic slowdown, credit card companies expect more delinquencies and bankruptcies.
• Bankers and the new elite were threatened by bankruptcy.
• Corporate bankruptcies increased last year.
• the moral bankruptcy of this materialistic society
• Here, when the relevant act of bankruptcy occurred, Mr. Dennis was a beneficial joint tenant of the two properties.
• Public enterprises run little risk of bankruptcy, and if targets are not met, governments usually step in to cover deficits.
• Trying to determine where the bulk of investors’ money has gone is the primary goal of the bankruptcy court.
• But the company which makes it has been close to bankruptcy.
• They want more disclosure from the industry in exchange for tougher bankruptcy laws.
From Longman Business Dictionary
bank‧rupt‧cy /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/ noun (plural bankruptcies) [countable, uncountable]
when someone is judged to be unable to pay their debts by a court of law, and their assets are shared among the people and businesses that they owe money to
Many state-operated companies had experienced difficulties and some had faced bankruptcy.
The number of bankruptcies in the first half of the year soared by 60%.
– When a person or a company does not have enough money or assets to pay their debts, they are insolvent. Informally, both an individual or a company can be described as bankrupt. In a strict legal sense, however, it can only be used to describe people, not companies in the UK. Administration is when a failing company is reorganized by an independent specialist with the aim of continuing some of its activities and avoiding liquidation (=a situation in which a company stops operating and its assets are sold to pay its debts). Receivership is when a company that does not have enough money to pay its debts is put under the control of a receiver (=someone who is chosen by a court of law to be in charge of a bankrupt company) who sells the company’s assets in order to pay creditors (=people or companies who are owed money) and closes the company. –
In the US, bankrupt can be used as an informal or strict legal term to describe individuals or companies. The set of laws dealing with bankruptcy is the Bankruptcy Code. Two parts of the law that deal with the process by which companies officially become bankrupt are Chapter 11 and Chapter 7. Chapter 11 gives failing companies a period of time to reorganize, after which they must pay their creditors. Chapter 7 deals with the process of a bankrupt company going into liquidation.
→ act of bankruptcy
→ discharge from bankruptcy
→ involuntary bankruptcy
→ trustee in bankruptcy
→ voluntary bankruptcy

Question 2

cash flow

Answer 2

نقدینگی
elated topics: Finance
ˈcash flow noun [singular, uncountable]
the movement of money coming into a business as income and going out as wages, materials etc
We expect a rise in both our production and our cash flow.
The builder is unable to pay due to cash flow problems.
Examples from the Corpus
cash flow
• You have to learn to estimate capital expenditures, cash flow, and receivables.
• The translation business has been maintaining a healthy cash flow.
• This is probably the most satisfactory method for the landlord since the regularity of his cash flow will be maintained.
• To improve cash flow, Kmart eliminated its dividend, cut expenses and boosted earnings.
• Pyramid said its cash flow remained positive in the fourth quarter.
• Without a paycheck, you discover the importance of cash flow, and your accountant has to become your best friend.
• This is most useful, since it promotes cash flow through the business in the first and early years of trading.
• These investments have therefore been treated as cash equivalents in preparing the cash flow statement reflecting the liquid nature of the investments.
• And it is always better to take a cautious view of your cash flow.
cash flow problems
• Bosses at Reads in Bootle called in the liquidator after battling for more than a year against cash flow problems.
• A company with severe cash flow problems may have no choice but to run a lean inventory operation.
• Moreover, particularly with smaller firms, the builder may be unable to pay owing to cash flow problems, receivership or bankruptcy.
• Haulage is particularly prone to cash flow problems.
From Longman Business Dictionary
ˈcash flow (also cashflow) noun
1[uncountable] the amounts of money coming into and going out of a company, and the timing of these
the lack of cash flow that results from customers not paying bills on time
The business is suffering severe cash flow problems.
He will have to keep to a business plan with strict month-by-month cash flow projections.
→ negative cash flow
2[countable, uncountable] profit made by a business in a particular period of time, measured in different ways by different businesses
Time Warner defines cash flow as earnings before interest payments, taxes and depreciation.
Volvo needs to raise production to 500,000 units to generate the cash flow (=to produce it) required for expensive new model development programmes.
The company announced an increase in its after-tax cash flow.

Question 3

overhead

Answer 3

بالا، در بالای سر، مخارج کلی، سرجمع
(Noun) (Adjective) (Adverb) بالاسری، هوایی
- an overhead garage door
- در گاراژ که در بالا تا و جمع می‌شود، در بالارو گاراژ
- an overhead light
- چراغ سقفی، چراغ بالای سر
- Overhead cables are more dangerous than underground cables.
- کابل‌های هوایی از کابل‌های زیرزمینی خطرناک‌ترند.
- an overhead bridge for pedestrians
- پل هوایی برای عابر پیاده
- Overhead costs are relatively independent of the rate of production.
- هزینه‌ی بالاسری نسبتاً از میزان تولید مستقل می‌باشند.
- I was looking at the stars overhead.
- به ستارگان بالای سرم نگاه می‌کردم.
o‧ver‧head1 /ˌəʊvəˈhed◂ $ ˌoʊvər-/ ●●○ adverb
above your head or in the sky
Bullets whizzed overhead.
A plane flew overhead.
—overhead adjective
overhead wires
Examples from the Corpus
overhead
• A flock of birds passed overhead.
• Helicopter gunships hovered overhead.
• Suddenly, they heard the rumble of thunder overhead.
• The thatched pyramid roofs reached almost to the ground and rose to points twenty feet overhead.
• A star signaled overhead and he saw it.
• The top floor directly overhead had been abandoned for years.
• From the two cross-beams overhead, hung chains, adjustable in length, to which the ropes would be attached.
• They can even be frightened by wild birds flying overhead, which they mistakenly think are predators.
Related topics: Business basics, Communications
o‧ver‧head2 /ˈəʊvəhed $ ˈoʊvər-/ noun
1 [uncountable] American English, overheads British English [plural] money spent regularly on rent, insurance, electricity, and other things that are needed to keep a business operating
Their offices are in London so the overheads are very high.
2 [countable] a piece of transparent material used with an overhead projector to show words, pictures etc
Examples from the Corpus
overhead
• There are overheads when defining and manipulating hierarchies, and this is particularly apparent when comparisons are made with the relational approach.
• Working out of my home had significantly lowered my overhead.
• They will cut office overheads by startling amounts and be the new cost leaders.
From Longman Business Dictionary
o‧ver‧head /ˈəʊvəhedˈoʊvər-/ noun [countable, uncountable]
a company’s general costs for activities not related to particular products
Such costs count as an overhead of the business, and VAT on them is deductible.
Because overhead costs won’t increase, profit margins at the hospital should expand.
It spends about 17 cents to sell $1 of its goods, among the highest overheads in the tire industry.
Firms have centralized buying to reduce both cost of goods and administrative overheads.
→ direct overhead

Question 4

supply

Answer 4

موجودی، منبع، آذوقه

• the supply of water for the city
• ذخیره آب شهر
• a supply depot
• انبار آذوقه

Question 5

outlook

Answer 5

چشم‌انداز، دور‌نما، منظره، چشم‌داشت، نظریه
- There are a number of outlooks affording a view of the peak.
- تعدادی محل برای تماشا وجود دارد که نظاره‌ی قله‌ی کوه را میسر می‌سازد.
- The villa had as its outlook one of the finest lakes in Europe.
- چشم‌انداز آن ویلا یکی از عالی‌ترین دریاچه‌های اروپا بود.
- The film reveals the outlook of the youth.
- فیلم دیدگاه جوانان را آشکار می‌سازد.
- That event changed his outlook on life.
- آن رویداد بینش او را درباره‌ی زندگی عوض کرد.
- the outlook for steel demand in the United States
- آینده‌ی بازار پولاد در ایالات متحده
- The outlook for a peace treaty is not promising.
- احتمال (عقد) قرارداد صلح نویدبخش نیست.
out‧look /ˈaʊtlʊk/ ●●○ noun [countable]
1 your general attitude to life and the world
outlook on
He’s got a good outlook on life.
Exercise will improve your looks and your outlook.
positive/optimistic outlook
She still has an optimistic outlook for the future.
2 [usually singular] what is expected to happen in the future
outlook for
The outlook for the weekend is unsettled, with periods of heavy rain.
The outlook for sufferers from this disease is bleak.
economic/financial/political etc outlook
a gloomy economic outlook in Western Europe
3 a view from a particular place
a very pleasing outlook from the bedroom window
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES
a positive/optimistic outlook
Despite her health problems, she has a positive outlook.
a negative/pessimistic outlook
This pessimistic outlook on their lives leads to depression.
a wider/broader outlook
Education should give students a wider outlook on life.
a new/fresh outlook (=new and interesting)
I saw Helen last week and she seemed to have a fresh outlook on life.
somebody’s mental outlook (=how you feel about the things in your life)
Exercise can help improve your mental outlook.
somebody’s religious outlook
The Puritans’ religious outlook affected every aspect of their lives.
somebody’s moral/ethical outlook (=beliefs about what is right and wrong)
Their ethical and moral outlook concerning terrorism is the complete opposite of mine.
VERBS
have an outlook
He has quite a conventional outlook.
give somebody an outlook
June’s new job gave her a fresh outlook.
change somebody’s outlook
None of my arguments could change his outlook or behavior.
Examples from the Corpus
outlook
• Assuming this passes the Congress, it will change the defence outlook radically.
• After a good vacation, you’ll have a completely different outlook.
• His outlook on life is largely a result of his strict education.
• Partly due to its history, and partly to temperament, the Home Office is conservative procedurally and cautious in outlook.
• Because attention was focused on customers and their changing demands, the organisation became dynamic in outlook.
• The airline’s negative outlook was no surprise.
• Village life and the peasant outlook were conditioned by the administrative arrangements adopted at Emancipation.
• Whenever Stewart showed signs of rejecting that outlook, Joe would fly into a rage.
• Consumers continue to be pessimistic about the outlook over the next six months, the Conference Board said.
• Deng responded optimistically that the outlook was still bright.
• The farmers were narrowly provincial in their outlook.

Question 6

gross

Answer 6

1 TOTAL [only before noun]
a) a gross sum of money is the total amount before any tax or costs have been taken away → net
a gross profit of $5 million
gross income/salary/pay etc
a family with gross earnings of just £75 per week
b) a gross weight is the total weight of something, including its wrapping
► see thesaurus at profit
2 VERY BAD [only before noun] clearly wrong and unacceptable
gross negligence/misconduct etc
soldiers accused of gross violations of human rights
The company described reports of environmental disaster as gross exaggeration.
gross indecency (=the crime of doing something that is sexually offensive)
3 NASTY spoken very unpleasant to look at or think about SYN disgusting
Ooh, gross! I hate spinach!
4 FAT informal extremely fat and unattractive
—grossly adverb [+adj/adverb]
Lambert was grossly overweight.
Medical records were found to be grossly inadequate.
—grossness noun [uncountable]
Examples from the Corpus
gross
• Obviously you get more used to it the more often you do it, but it’s still pretty gross.
• Brad threw up on the floor at the party. It was really gross.
• My gross annual income, before tax, is just over £18,000.
• Dini said inflation was kept to a moderate pace during the year, even as gross domestic product rose 3 percent.
• The company’s gross earnings were up $12 million over last year.
• a gross income of $150,000
• The expected gross initial yield is 6.5%.
• By contrast, the gross margin on an alternative remedy is typically 30 percent, Toth said.
• In the mid-1970s, public spending peaked at over 49 percent of our gross national product.
• Ooh, gross! The dog just threw up on the carpet!
• That factory turned out to be a short-lived exercise and a gross waste of Government money.
• The gross weight of the package is 10 kilos, including the packaging.
gross income/salary/pay etc
• Companies putting up factories at Subic can import goods for free and pay only a 5 percent tax on gross income.
• The November 1988 white paper on the loan scheme proposed a move to gross income.
• Thus, in the top tenth of pensioner income groups, social security contributes only a quarter of gross income.
• So the recent fall in house-moving business would have cut gross income by about a fifth and net income by much more.
• If adjusted gross income is high enough, large amounts of business expense deductions will be lost under this 2 percent formula.
• The full deduction would be available for couples filing jointly with adjusted gross incomes of up to $ 100,000.
• In both cases your gross pay will be as normal, unless you have exhausted the full sickness allowance.
• Conversely, he knows that a drop in gross income will de-motivate.
gross indecency
• And today, police confirmed the Bishop had been formally cautioned for an act of gross indecency.
• The Court of Appeal allowed the appellant’s appeal against conviction of committing an act of gross indecency.
• They were bailed to appear before Liverpool magistrates next month, when they will face charges of gross indecency.
• He was prosecuted, convicted of gross indecency and given a two-year conditional discharge in November 1996.
• This act of gross indecency provoked stern disapproval from the tour guide.
• The appellant, Norman Mattison, was charged with committing an act of gross indecency with his co-defendant.
• After retiring the jury returned with a notice asking whether the co-defendant was charged with gross indecency with the appellant only.
• The co-defendant pleaded guilty to a charge of committing an act of gross indecency with the appellant.
gross2 adverb
→ earn £20,000/$30,000 etc gross
ناخالص، فاهش، درشت، قراص
درشت، بزرگ، ستبر، عمده، ناخالص، زمخت، درشت بافت، زشت، شرم‌آور، ضخیم، بی‌تربیت، وحشی، توده، انبوه، وزن سرجمع چیزی (با ظرف و غیره در مقابل net یعنی وزن خالص)، جمع کل، بزرگ کردن، جمع کردن، زمخت کردن، کلفت کردن، بصورت سود ناویژه بدست آوردن
- a gross mistake
- اشتباه فاحش
- gross language
- حرفهای زشت
- gross and net income
- درآمد خالص و ناخالص
- gross income
- درآمد ناخالص
- Last year the company grossed 500 million tomans.
- سال گذشته مجموع درآمد شرکت پانصد میلیون تومان بود.

Question 7

yield

Answer 7

yield1 /jiːld/ ●●○ verb
1 RESULT [transitive] to produce a result, answer, or piece of information
Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.
2 CROPS/PROFITS [transitive] to produce crops, profits etc
Each of these oilfields could yield billions of barrels of oil.
The tourist industry yielded an estimated $2.25 billion for the state last year.
These investments should yield a reasonable return.
high-yielding/low-yielding
high-yielding crops
Register
In everyday English, people usually say that something produces a result, a profit etc rather than yields it:
Each cow produces almost 20 litres of milk a day.
3 AGREE UNWILLINGLY [intransitive, transitive] to allow yourself to be forced or persuaded to do something or stop having something
The military has promised to yield power.
yield to
The hijackers refuse to yield to demands to release the passengers.
Further action may be necessary if the leaders do not yield to diplomatic pressure.
Finally she yielded to temptation and helped herself to a large slice of cake.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say someone gives in to pressures, demands etc rather than yields to them:
I very much doubt the boss will give in to her demands.
4 TRAFFIC [intransitive] American English to allow other traffic on a bigger road to go first SYN give way British English
yield to
Yield to traffic on the left.
5 MOVE/BEND/BREAK [intransitive] to move, bend, or break because of physical force or pressure SYN give
Ideally, the surface should yield slightly under pressure.
6 GIVE UP FIGHTING [intransitive] literary to stop fighting and accept defeat SYN surrender
→ yield to something
→ yield something ↔ up
→ See Verb table

Question 8

expansion

Answer 8

توسعه، بسط، انبساط
- the expansion of the wing of a bird
- گسترش بال پرنده
- the expansion of the country’s exports
- توسعه‌ی صادرات کشور
- the expansion of a number
- بسط یک عدد
Related topics: Companies
ex‧pan‧sion /ɪkˈspænʃən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun
1 [countable, uncountable] when something increases in size, range, amount etc SYN growth, → expand
expansion of
The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
expansion in
an expansion in student numbers
2 [countable, uncountable] when a company, business etc becomes larger by opening new shops, factories etc → expand
The industry underwent a period of rapid expansion.
3 [countable] an idea, story etc that is based on one that is simpler or more general
The novel is an expansion of a short story he wrote about forty years ago.
COLLOCATIONS – Meanings 1 & 2
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + EXPANSION
a big expansion
Last year saw a big expansion at the company.
a great/huge/massive expansion (=very big)
There are plans for a massive expansion of the oil and gas industries.
a major/significant expansion (=large and important)
The company is planning a major expansion of its retail outlets.
a rapid expansion
During the 1990s, there was a rapid expansion in student numbers.
a steady expansion
There has been a steady expansion of the self-employed sector of the economy.
further expansion
Investors think the hotel chain is ripe for further expansion.
economic expansion
Economic expansion in India and China is set to continue.
business/commercial expansion
These new measures could limit business expansion.
urban expansion
We are seeing uncontrolled urban expansion in many African cities.
VERBS
expansion takes place (also expansion occurs formal)
The biggest expansion occurred in the volume of small issue government bonds.
EXPANSION + NOUN
an expansion plan
The city’s ambitious expansion plans will require major investment.
an expansion programme
Such an aggressive expansion programme could double the business in five years.

Question 9

inventory

Answer 9

دفتر دارایی، فهرست اموال، سیاهه، صورت کالا
- If I take inventory of what I have done during the last year, I will not be pleased.
- اگر کارهایی را که سال گذشته انجام داده‌ام برآورد کنم، خوشحال نخواهم شد.
Related topics: Trade
in‧ven‧tory /ˈɪnvəntri $ -tɔːri/ ●○○ noun (plural inventories)
1 [countable] a list of all the things in a place
inventory of
We made an inventory of everything in the apartment.
2 [countable, uncountable] American English all the goods in a shop SYN stock
Examples from the Corpus
inventory
• She made an inventory of everything in the apartment.
• The company keeps a full inventory of its equipment.
• Our store has the largest inventory in the mattress business.
• Some of the things in the shop were not listed in the inventory.
From Longman Business Dictionary
in‧ven‧tory /ˈɪnvəntri-tɔːri/ noun (plural inventories) especially American English
1[countable, uncountable] the amount of stock, including raw materials, supplies and finished goods, that a company has at a particular timeSYNstock BrE
Companies have cut inventories sharply since the downturn began.
Cash-and-carry outlets rely on a rapid turnover of stock to keep down inventory levels.
→ beginning inventory
→ continuous inventory
2[countable] a list of the goods and property owned by a particular person, organization, or country
inventory of
A full inventory of equipment will be maintained.
3take (an) inventory to make a list of goods that a company or a person has at a particular time
Newmark & Lewis were closed Sunday to take inventory.
→ see also first in, first out, last in, first out

Question 10

logistics

Answer 10

آمایش، آمادها، (نظامی) مبحث تدارکات لشکر‌کشی، شعبه‌ای از فنون نظامی که درباره فن لشکرکشی و وسائط نقلیه و تهیه اردوگاه و آذوقه ومهمات لازمه در طی لشکرکشی بحث می‌کند
- The logistics of supplying food to all the famine areas were very complex.
- جزئیات آذوقه‌رسانی به کلیه‌ی نواحی قحطی‌زده بسیار پیچیده بود.
lo‧gis‧tics /ləˈdʒɪstɪks $ loʊ-/ noun
1 [plural] the practical arrangements that are needed in order to make a plan that involves a lot of people and equipment successful
the day-to-day logistics involved with mining
logistics of
the logistics of travelling with small children
2 [uncountable] the business of transporting things such as goods to the place where they are needed
GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?
• In meaning 1, logistics is followed by a plural verb:
The logistics of the camping trip were really complicated.
• In meaning 2, logistics is followed by a singular verb:
Logistics is our speciality.
Examples from the Corpus
logistics
• In between the media interviews, McCarthy Monday spent the day learning logistics.
• None of these ideas requires much in the way of money or logistics.
• Our third-party logistics and distribution network covers the United States.
• Of course the logistics of leaving my son for three weeks at a time had to be organised.
• Progress was made, however, on the logistics of a ceasefire, including agreement on monitoring procedures.
• Albert was standing in the vestibule overseeing the logistics.
• Hurley already knew that, but he was sure the logistics could be worked out if Coleman agreed.
• The logistics of the pregame and halftime shows still are being worked out.
From Longman Business Dictionary
lo‧gis‧tics /ləˈdʒɪstɪks/ noun [plural]
the arrangements that are needed for goods, materials, equipment, and people to be in the right place at the right time
the logistics of shipping materials from Britain to Siberia
→ reverse logistics
Origin logistics (1800-1900) French logistique, from Greek logistike “art of calculating”, from logos; → LOGIC

Question 11

niche

Answer 11

Related topics: Business basics, Household, Buildings
niche1 /niːʃ, nɪtʃ $ nɪtʃ, niːʃ/ ●○○ noun
1 [countable] if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you
Amanda soon found her niche at the club.
He’s managed to create a niche for himself in local politics.
2 [singular] an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc
niche in
He spotted a niche in the market.
3 [countable] a hollow place in a wall, often made to hold a statue
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have a niche
She feels that she has her own niche in the company.
find a niche
He had a hard time finding his niche academically.
create/carve out a niche (=do something in a particular way that is different to and better than anyone else)
She had carved out a niche for herself as a children’s television presenter.
ADJECTIVES
a particular/special niche
As a player, he’s carved out his own special niche on the team.
a little niche informal:
I feel as if I’ve found my little niche in life.
your own niche
Everyone has their own niche within the sales team.

Examples from the Corpus
niche
• A niche, for the purposes of practice management software, is any combination of a client and a location.
• What better niches could there be for Woodhead, who has cast the last figleaf of impartiality to the wind?
• Van Meer’s magazines are aimed at two growing niche markets: Internet users and senior citizens.
• But the manufacturers of meat substitutes say vegetarians are a small niche in their target market.
found … niche
• Love is the Devil found a niche, but there was less room for the films of Ken Loach.
• Andrew McCarthy has found a comfortable niche in the direct-to-video market.
• We were fortunate, however, to have found a niche that no one else cornered.
• Luch found her hidden niche before anyone noticed her.
• It’s found a niche. in the luxury end, and Cowley is central to that push.
• After a spell at Tie Rack, she found her own niche in socks.
a niche in the market
• It is a harsh reminder that there are no prizes for discovering a niche in the market.
• It clearly concentrates the information in a commendable format and fills a niche in the market.
• Liveseys’ had a niche in the market, with no serious competition.
niche2 adjective [only before noun]
relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc
niche marketing
a niche market
a niche product
From Longman Business Dictionary
niche /niːʃ/ noun [countable]
a part of a market which is small but may be profitable
In the US market for shoes, the company occupies an upmarket niche where it can trade on its English image.
Origin niche (1600-1700) French Old French nicher “to nest”, from Latin nidus “nest”

Question 12

merchandising

Answer 12

(بخشی از بازاریابی marketing که با افزایش فروش از راه آگهی و حراج و قیمت‌گذاری و آراستن فروشگاه و غیره سروکار دارد) بازارپردازی
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Related topics: Business basics, Media
mer‧chan‧dis‧ing /ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪzɪŋ $ ˈmɜːr-/ noun [uncountable]
1 toys, clothes, and other products relating to a popular film, sports team, singer etc
The concerts generated £3 million in ticket and merchandising sales.
2 the way in which shops and businesses try to sell their products
the director of merchandising
Examples from the Corpus
merchandising
• Eddie Ricketts, director of branch merchandising and store planning, replies:.
• In the past, judges have not assumed that the public have a detailed knowledge of character merchandising.
• The empire’s goal was simple - to maximise the income Kylie, her records, videos and massive merchandising could earn.
• And she kept going on about how I was being ripped off on the merchandising.
• the merchandising manager for Pontiac
• Gate receipts brought in a further £750,000 and a similar figure was produced through merchandising.
• There was nothing at all relating to merchandising.
From Longman Business Dictionary
mer‧chan‧dis‧ing /ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪzɪŋˈmɜːr-/ noun [uncountable]
1toys, clothes, and other products based on a popular film, TV show, etc and sold to make additional profits
Even before the movie came out, the markets were flooded with the typical forms of merchandising.
2American English the way in which goods are arranged and placed in a store
The goal is increased revenue through creative merchandising.
→ cross merchandising
→ scrambled merchandising

Question 13

franchise

Answer 13

امتیاز، حق انتخاب، آزاد کردن، حق رأی دادن، خودپرداخت
- They had granted him a franchise to open a college.
- به او امتیاز تأسیس یک مدرسه‌ی عالی را داده بودند.
- the franchise to open a Mcdonald’s hamburger shop
- امتیاز گشودن یک همبرگر فروشی مکدونالد
- In some countries women still don’t have the franchise.
- در برخی کشورها زنان هنوز حق رأی ندارند.
- He owns several franchises in Chicago.
- او صاحب چندین امتیاز کسب‌وکار در شیکاگو است.Related topics: Voting
fran‧chise1 /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ ●○○ noun
1
a) [countable, uncountable] permission given by a company to someone who wants to sell its goods or services
a franchise holder
a franchise agreement
under (a) franchise
The beer is brewed under franchise.
b) [countable] a business, shop etc that is run under franchise
2 [countable] American English a professional sports team
3 [uncountable] formal the legal right to vote in your country’s elections
Examples from the Corpus
franchise
• The constitution provided broad electoral franchise.
• In Atlanta, the Marlins dominated a team that won 101 games and became the first franchise to reach six straight postseasons.
• The city was still negotiating with cable TV companies over who’d get the first franchise to beam programs into people’s homes.
• Many towns were full of shopping malls and fast-food franchises.
• Some attributed the growth to the democratization of the Poor Law franchise in 1894.
• Brooks Marketing, which owns the Burke’s franchise, is offering about 10 percent of its equity in return for £150,000.
• Railtrack will own the infrastructure but the successful bidder for the franchise will run the trains.
• And I might get the franchise.
• The franchise consists of more than 3,000 offices across the country.
• The franchise was later extended to any person over 18 years old.
• This franchise will never have another second baseman as talented as Roberto Alomar.

franchise holder
• In addition, TeleWest says that it is in negotiation with other cable franchise holders on possible interconnection of their networks.
• But how should the existing franchise holders be treated?
• Discounts vary between individual franchise holders.
• He joins the company from another major franchise holder in County Durham.
• The government mandates the franchise holder to supply all the electricity required by all users in the franchise area.
• Videopics is presently training franchise holders in a Christmas promotion of personalised T-shirts for teddy bears.
Related topics: Business basics
franchise2 verb [transitive]
to give or sell a franchise to someone
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
franchise
• By 1978, Supercuts had six stores in the San Francisco area and began franchising.
• However, since franchising began in 1994, only 420 applicants had failed to pass the preliminary audit.
• He said interesting and constructive submissions on franchising had been received from the private sector and these were being examined closely.
• Advice on franchising has been provided by merchant banker Hambros.
• Color Me Mine in Van Nuys added three of its four stores during the past 12 months and began franchising the concept.
• What a pity the venture can’t franchise these things.
• The corporation that owns the spa is hoping to franchise this treatment nationally.
From Longman Business Dictionary
fran‧chise1 /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ noun [countable]
1an arrangement in which a company gives a business the right to sell its goods or services in return for a fee or a share of the profits
We operate all of our stores under afranchise.
Disputes in the franchise industry typically involve such issues as contract termination, unpaid fees and territorial rights.
→ master franchise
2a particular shop, restaurant etc that is run under a franchise, or a company that owns a number of these
The franchise, with 10 dealerships in suburban Chicago, sold just 50 vehicles in December.
franchise2 verb [intransitive, transitive]
to sell franchises to people
An increasing number of companies are expected to franchise their operations rather expand in traditional ways.
—franchising noun [uncountable]
We have a specialist team to give expert advice and assistance to people interested in franchising.
an information sheet about franchising opportunities
→ See Verb table
Origin franchise1 (1300-1400) Old French franchir “to set free”, from franc; → FRANK1

Question 14

distribution

Answer 14

توزیع، تقسیم، پخش، پراکندگی، (محیط زیست) پراکنش
- the patterns of population distribution
- الگوهای پراکندگی جمعیت
- the distribution of foodstuffs among the poor
- توزیع مواد خوراکی در بین مستمندان
- the production and distribution of gasoline
- فرآوری و پخش بنزین
- the distribution of blood vessels through the body
- پراکندگی رگ‌ها در تمام بدن
dis‧tri‧bu‧tion /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun
1 [uncountable] the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a planned way
distribution of
the distribution of aid supplies
2 [uncountable] when goods are supplied to shops and companies for them to sell
a distribution centre
3 [countable, uncountable] the way in which something exists in different amounts in different parts of an area or group
population distribution
distribution of
the highly unequal distribution of economic power
Examples from the Corpus
distribution
• The cost of packaging and distribution ranges from $3 to $4 per videotape.
• The conference called for a more equitable distribution of wealth and power among nations.
• If distribution was limited a list of stockists could also be useful.
• The proposed series of investigations will examine children’s understanding of economic need, income distribution and unemployment.
• The holiday is also celebrated with small gifts for children and the distribution of meat to the needy.
• Of course, the stressed representations do not take account of the distribution of sentence stress in the utterances.
• The Labour Party comes to the fore when the distribution of resources comes to the top of the agenda.
• Table 9-1 sketches a picture of income and wealth distribution.

distribution of
• a law prohibiting the free distribution of cigarettes
From Longman Business Dictionary
dis‧tri‧bu‧tion /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ noun
1[uncountable] the actions involved in making goods available to customers after they have been produced, for example moving, storing, and selling the goods
The company plans to establish a network of central warehouses to make product distribution more efficient.
General Motors Corp’s Canadian sales arm will take over distribution of Saab cars in Canada.
2[uncountable] when a company’s profits are divided up and given to shareholders in the form of dividends or new shares
The company anticipates that about $1.20 to $1.25 a share will be available for distribution.
→ final distribution
3[uncountable] the way in which wealth is divided among people in a particular economy
During periods of economic expansion, those who are in the top one-third of the income distribution will always benefit.

Question 15

refund

Answer 15

(Adverb) [Countable] پس‌پرداخت، پس‌دادن، مجدداً پرداختن، استرداد
- to refund the price of defective article
- قیمت یک کالای معیوب را پس دادن
- a refund of fifty dollars
- بازپرداختنی به مبلغ پنجاه دلار
Related topics: Business, Economics
re‧fund1 /ˈriːfʌnd/ ●●○ noun [countable]
1 an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for
They refused to give me a refund.
Return your purchase within 14 days for a full refund.
You should go down there and demand a refund.
2 → tax refund
Examples from the Corpus
refund
• However, when the loan is repaid, the company is entitled to a refund of the corporation tax.
• Existing tickets are valid for the new dates although refunds can be obtained if required form point of purchase.
• The lawsuits seek not only to stop sales of the product but also civil penalties, court costs and refunds for buyers.
• The charter was meant to help passengers claim refunds.
• You can return it within 30 days for a full refund.
• I would like to apologise to everyone concerned and reassure them that I am doing everything to resolve the matter of refunds.
• To get direct deposit of your tax refund, file Form 8888 with your return.
• Call the venue for more information about ticket refunds.
give … refund
• Ticket-holders for the performances will be given a refund.
• You might visit one site, for example, and read six points that describe when they give refunds.
• In any case, I had already decided to give her a refund and a-new drier.
• The distributors say they’re prepared to give refunds for safety’s sake.

Related topics: Trade
re‧fund2 /rɪˈfʌnd/ ●○○ verb [transitive]
to give someone their money back, especially because they are not satisfied with the goods or services they have paid for → reimburse
I took the radio back, and they refunded my money.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
refund
• The offer is, apparently, to refund 20% of a fare if a train is more than an hour late.
• Saturday’s concert is canceled, and tickets will be refunded.
• Salesmen claimed this would be refunded as soon as the seller’s allotment letter arrived.
• The money was refunded only when proof was provided that the migrant had found a job.
• She argued that BofA underpaid because it used only simple interest in refunding the overcharged fees.
• We will refund the part of your premium which applies to the rest of the period of the policy.
• If this should happen to your, please ask for a receipt and we will refund these extra charges.
From Longman Business Dictionary
re‧fund1 /ˈriːfʌnd/ noun [countable]
a sum of money that is given back to you
If the goods are faulty in any way you will be entitled to a full refund.
We don’t give refunds.
You can expect to receive a tax refund of £4000.
re‧fund2 /rɪˈfʌnd/ verb [transitive]
to give someone their money back, for example because they are not satisfied with the goods or services they have paid for
We guarantee to refund your money if you are not entirely satisfied.
Postal costs will be refunded in full.
I enclose a cheque refunding the difference.

Question 16

purchase

Answer 16

Related topics: Trade
pur‧chase1 /ˈpɜːtʃɪs $ ˈpɜːr-/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive]
formal to buy something
You can purchase insurance online.
the growing demand to purchase goods on credit
Where did you purchase the car?
purchase from
Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office.
► see thesaurus at buy
—purchasable adjective
—purchaser noun [countable]
France was the no. 1 purchaser of Iraqi oil.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
purchase
• If this product does not give complete satisfaction, please return it to the manufacturer stating when and where it was purchased.
• Healthy specimens should be active and the body should be slightly convex and fish that show flat flanks should not be purchased.
• Expect to hear information about purchasing an AlaskaPass for independent travel.
• For example, beer and cigarettes may both be purchased as recreational products.
• See Table 9-5 for how the decision to purchase corn might be accomplished.
• Sterile eye drops can be purchased for this purpose.
• Under counter-trade a sale of good is contractually linked to an obligation to purchase goods or resultant output from the same country.
• Foreign investors are not permitted to purchase land.
• There was also evidence that Drew had visited several other tobacconists, purchasing pipes to send to friends.
• PepsiCo entered the restaurant business in 1977 by purchasing Pizza Hut.
• Ogburn purchased the property in 1989.

Related topics: Trade
purchase2 ●○○ AWL noun
1 [countable, uncountable] formal something you buy, or the act of buying it
She paid for her purchases and left.
day/date/time of purchase
This product should be consumed on the day of purchase.
I enclose my receipt as proof of purchase.
purchase of
a loan towards the purchase of a new car
She made two purchases from my stall.
→ hire purchase, purchase price
2 [singular] formal a firm hold on something
gain/get a purchase on something
The ice made it impossible to get a purchase on the road.

Question 17

invoice

Answer 17

in‧voice1 /ˈɪnvɔɪs/ ●○○ noun [countable]
a list of goods that have been supplied or work that has been done, showing how much you owe for them → bill► see thesaurus at bill
Examples from the Corpus
invoice
• They sent him an invoice at the end of the month.
• We have received an invoice for $250.
• To mean that an invoice issued on 15 June would have to be due no later than 15 July.
• Accommodation and meals as confirmed on your final invoice.
• Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices, checks, purchase orders, financial reports, and other transactions.
• One invoice had fitted all the requirements perfectly.
• The supply would not be on a tax invoice, so the buyer would not be able to reclaim the tax paid.
• You will find the invoice attached to the box.
• Whitacre would submit the invoices and divert the payments to businesses he established or controlled.
• All fees are payable when the invoice is issued.
Related topics: Trade
invoice2 verb [transitive]
to send someone an invoice
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
invoice
• Another method is to allocate the total costs over the two years on the basis of work invoiced.
• You will be invoiced as soon as the work is completed.
• It appears that Olympic didn’t invoice customers for kit shipped.
• Schools actually place orders on the showroom visits and are invoiced directly for these.
• No foreign warehouses were necessary and orders were invoiced in the appropriate foreign currency.
• Now that the season is ended it would be appropriate for your Finance Department to invoice the Regional Council for this sum.
• The company invoiced us for the cost of using their conference hall.
From Longman Business Dictionary
in‧voice1 /ˈɪnvɔɪs/ noun [countable]
1a document sent by a seller to a customer with details of goods or services that have been provided, their price, and the payment date
We require suppliers to submit invoices with services clearly categorized.
→ consignment invoice
→ electronic invoice
→ export invoice
→ false invoice
→ final invoice
→ original invoice
→ outstanding invoice
→ pro-forma invoice
→ purchase invoice
→ sales invoice
→ tax invoice
2issue/raise an invoice to prepare and send an invoice or to arrange for one to be prepared and sent
An invoice raised in April related to the first stage of the contract payment.
3chase up an invoice informal to try to persuade someone to pay an unpaid invoice
On completion of a job I give a report to the client, raise invoices and if necessary chase them up.
invoice2 verb [transitive]
to prepare an invoice and send it to a customer
invoice somebody for something
We’ll invoice you for any damage to the rented car.
—invoicing noun [uncountable]
We handle the whole process, from the receipt of the customer’s order to invoicing.
→ See Verb table
Origin invoice1 (1500-1600) Early French envois, plural of envoi “message”
فاکتور، صورت حساب، سیاهه، صورت، صورت کردن، فاکتورنوشتن
- We will be invoicing you separately for these items.
- برای این اقلام جداگانه برایتان صورت حساب خواهیم فرستاد.

Question 18

insolvency

Answer 18

درماندگی، اعسار، عجز از پرداخت دیون
a situation in which a person or a company is insolvent
Higher payments could force some banks into insolvency.
The number of insolvencies in the real estate sector more than tripled last year.

Question 19

prospectus

Answer 19

آینده‌نامه، اطلاع‌نامه، شرح چاپی درباره شرکت یا معدنی که برای آن باید سرمایه جمع‌آوری شود
pro‧spec‧tus /prəˈspektəs/ ●○○ noun [countable]
1 especially British English a small book that advertises a school, college, new business etc
2 a document produced by a company that wants the public to buy its shares
Examples from the Corpus
prospectus
• A prospectus must be issued by one or more promoters.
• A detailed prospectus is one of the signs of a good school.
• Yet a draft prospectus had been published and research analysts had produced fat tomes.
• The full prospectus for the share sale will be out next Thursday.
• And it remains finally to ask what place there was for trade unionism in the Labour Party’s revised prospectus.
• The Founders appeared in the prospectus as holders of a Golden Share which gave them six powers.
• And the favourite, oddly, is the architect of the prospectus that was disbelieved.
• In an editorial foreword the need for this prospectus was explained.
From Longman Business Dictionary
pro‧spec‧tus /prəˈspektəs/ noun [countable]
1 a document produced by a company when inviting the public to buy its shares. By law, the company must include certain information in a prospectus, such as how the money is going to be used, what the chances of future success are etc
The full prospectus for the share sale will be out next Thursday.
→ pathfinder prospectus
2a small book that advertises a school, college, new business etc
Each year the college publishes a postgraduate prospectus which contains details of the degree courses offered.
Origin prospectus (1700-1800) Latin → PROSPECT1

Question 20

production

Answer 20

(Noun) تولید، محصول
(Noun) فرآوری، تولید، عمل‌آوری، ساخت، استخراج، فرآورده
- the production of crude oil
- تولید نفت خام
- new methods in the production of food
- روش‌های نوین در تولید مواد غذایی
- Steel production has increased.
- تولید پولاد زیاد شده است.
- a musical production
- نمایش موزیکال
- an artistic production of dazzling beauty
- یک اثر هنری با زیبایی خیره‌کننده
Related topics: Industry, Arts
pro‧duc‧tion /prəˈdʌkʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun
1 [uncountable] the process of making or growing things to be sold, especially in large quantities → produce, product
production of
the production of consumer goods
food/oil/milk etc production
agricultural production and distribution
production costs/facilities/processes etc
high-tech production methods
be in production (=being produced)
By September, the new motors were in production.
go into/out of production (=begin to be produced in large numbers, or stop being produced)
The new model will go into production next year.
2 [uncountable] the amount of goods that are made or grown
increase/rise/fall etc in production
a drop in oil and gas production
production levels/targets etc
3 [uncountable] when something is produced through a natural process
production of
the skin’s natural production of oil
4 [countable, uncountable] a play, film, broadcast etc that is produced for the public, or the process of producing it
the new Shakespeare production at the Arts Theatre
In 1992, Green moved into video production.
5 → on/upon (the) production of something
Examples from the Corpus
production
• Rather, they affect production through their influence on labour quality and, to a lesser extent, labour quantity.
• He will star in the Los Angeles production of “Phantom of the Opera’ this year.
• A second explanation is that antibiotic production is rooted in the plant material that is the food source.
• Companies may intensify production, improve productivity or reduce output - all of which tend to reduce employment.
• But as they go into production the stock exchanges go into free fall.
• The Riverside Theatre is used to staging major productions.
• At present the factory has one production line running with a yearly capacity of 25,000 tonnes.
• the body’s production of white blood cells
• the Northside Theater Company’s production of “A Christmas Carol”
• Have you seen the new Shakespeare production at the Arts Center?
• Steel production has decreased by thirty-four percent.
• The last two columns give the production and export rates in 1975 in million tons.
• Most caustic soda is used in the production of aluminium.
• Thankfully, this production receives a kinder, gentler updating.
• Bulmers will be making around 40 million gallons of cider this year – half Britain’s total production.
be in production
• Otherwise we hear the Alpha chips are in production as are certain of the Alpha machines.
• The chips are in production and reports from the field indicate that Sun’s next-generation Viking-based boxes are already installed at sites.
• By 1973 it was in production and selling at a good profit to Jensen for the new Jensen-Healey.
• At any time approximately 200 printing jobs are in production.
• By the end of 1978 nine were in production and several more on course for development.
• The antennas are going up, wireless phones are in production, and the hype has begun.
production levels/targets etc
• Managers long cushioned by state intervention become driven by production targets, not by the test of the market.
• Factories were ordered to cut production levels and road repairs were halted in an effort to cut traffic jams.
• The reason for this is that the renewal of fixed capital is normally to maintain existing production levels.
• The task of maintaining existing production levels has therefore come to consume a higher and higher share of national output.
• The demand for higher production levels leads to more formal manufacturing methods and some special process plant is justified.
• The company had assured these would be the last cuts because of lower production levels, he said.
• Prewar production levels were not regained until the early 1950s, and not until even later were 1930s agricultural productivity levels exceeded.
• He set the wage levels, the production targets, the safety standards, and he really planned the whole industry.
From Longman Business Dictionary
pro‧duc‧tion /prəˈdʌkʃən/ noun
1[uncountable] the process of making or growing things to be sold as products, usually in large quantities
Toshiba is increasing production of its popular line of laptop computers.
They have plans to design a smaller submarine that could go into production (=start being produced) by the end of the decade.
a new plant with an annual production capacity of (=the ability to produce) 500,000 disk drives
Germany’s high production costs
a magnesium metal production facility (=factory)
He was a production manager for Lockheed Corp.
By adjusting the production process, they were able to reduce the plant’s waste by two-thirds.
Bonuses were introduced for employees meeting production targets (=aims).
production workers assembling pianos
→ see also factor of production
2[uncountable] an amount of something that is produced
In August, production of passenger cars climbed 12% from a year earlier.
→ batch production
→ continuous production
→ direct production
→ industrial production
→ jobbing production
→ just-in-time production
→ lean production
→ mass production
→ primary production
3[countable, uncountable] the process of making films, television, and radio broadcasts, or plays, or a particular film etc
a film production company
CBS has been discussing possible co-productions with the BBC.
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Question 21

rival / competition

Answer 21

هماورد، رقیب، حریف
- Who is her rival in the upcoming elections?
- هماورد او در انتخابات آینده کیست؟
- rivals in love
- رقبای عشق
- These two teams have been rivals for years.
- این دو تیم سالهاست با هم رقابت دارند.
- Plastics are gradually becoming rivals of metals.
- پلاستیک دارد کم‌کم رقیب فلز می‌شوند.
(Adjective) رقابتی
- the rival claims of the two sides
- ادعاهای رقابت‌آمیز دو طرف
(Verb - transitive) رقابت کردن
- Trains can not rival airplans in speed.
- از نظر سرعت قطار نمی‌تواند با هواپیما برابری کند.
- friends who rival each other in good deeds
- دوستانی که در امور نیک با هم رقابت می‌کنند
com‧pe‧ti‧tion /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən $ ˌkɑːm-/ ●●● S2 W1 noun
1 [uncountable] a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations → compete, competitor
competition for
Competition for the job was intense.
competition between/among
Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children for their mother’s attention.
This price reduction is due to competition among suppliers.
competition in
competition in the automobile industry
fierce/stiff/intense etc competition
There is fierce competition between the three leading soap manufacturers.
be in competition with somebody/something
Government departments are in direct competition with each other for limited resources.
in the face of competition (from somebody/something) (=in a situation where you are competing with someone or something)
Small grocery stores are going out of business in the face of stiff competition from the large supermarket chains.
2 [singular, uncountable] the people or groups that are competing against you, especially in business or in a sport → compete, competitor
Going to trade fairs is an ideal opportunity to size up the competition.
no/not much/little etc competition (=no one who is likely to be better than you)
Jones is certain to win the race; there’s just no competition.
a lot of/considerable/fierce etc competition
The team overcame fierce competition for their place in the finals.
foreign/international competition (=companies from other countries that you are competing with)
Japanese PC makers now face foreign competition in their home market.
3 [countable] an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other → competitor
a photography competition
competition to do something
a competition to find a designer for the new building
Teams from high schools all over the state have entered the competition.
With France out of the competition, England have a great chance to win.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations
VERBS
face competition (from somebody)
Website designers face increasing competition.
beat off/fight off competition
She beat off competition from dozens of other candidates to get the job.
ADJECTIVES
strong/serious competition
The company is facing strong competition in the market.
stiff//tough/fierce/intense/keen competition (=strong competition)
There is stiff competition for places at the best universities.
cut-throat competition (=very strong competition)
The cutthroat competition in the airline industry kept prices low for many years.
increasing/growing competition
the growing competition between banks
fair competition
Fair competition offers the best guarantee of good services and low prices.
unfair competition
This will protect the industry from unfair competition from abroad.
open competition (=a situation that offers anyone a chance to be successful)
We welcome open competition in the software market.
PHRASES
in the face of competition (=in a situation where you are competing to be successful)
They won the contract in the face of tough competition.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other
VERBS
take part in a competition
Ten schools took part in the competition.
enter a competition
You must be over 16 to enter the competition.
win a competition
Lucy was thrilled to hear that she had won the short-story competition.
come first/second/third etc in a competition
Stuart came second in the swimming competition.
have/hold a competition
Each year the school holds a painting competition.
run a competition (=organize it)
The company is running an inventions competition with a first prize of £1,000.
launch a competition (=start it)
We’re launching a competition to find the best young designer.
judge a competition (=decide who has won it)
A panel of five will judge the competition.
withdraw from a competition (=not take part, when you had planned to)
He had to withdraw from the competition because of an injury.
be out of a competition (=no longer be in a competition because you have been defeated)
Our team scored the fewest points so we were out of the competition.
put/knock somebody out of a competition (=defeat someone so that they are no longer in a competition)
They put us out of the competition in the semi-final last year.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMPETITION
a football/music/essay etc competition
There’s a music competition in the town on June 12th.
a writing/painting/dancing etc competition
Greg won the school public-speaking competition.
a sporting/sports competition
There is an increasing demand to watch sporting competitions.
a national/international/European etc competition
Her oldest daughter has taken part in national competitions.
an annual competition
Last year he won the magazine’s annual photo competition.
an open competition (=that everyone can take part in)
An open competition is to be held at the tennis club.
a knock-out competition British English (=in which if you lose a game, you are no longer in the competition)
a newspaper competition (=organized by and advertised in a newspaper)
I entered a newspaper competition for young photographer of the year.
PHRASES
the result of a competition
The result of the competition will be announced on April 3rd.
the winner of a competition
Jane was the clear winner of the competition.
the rules of a competition
Make sure you understand the rules of the competition.
a competition is open to somebody (=used to say who can enter a competition)
The competition is open to artists between 16 and 25 years old.

Question 22

market share

Answer 22

ˈmarket share noun [countable, uncountable]
the percentage of sales in a market that a company or product has
Examples from the Corpus
market share
• Beyond those, they cite the high costs of customer disaffection, which drives down both profit margins and market share.
• In a fight with other video chains for market share, Blockbuster spent heavily on advertising and promotion.
• Mr Petty is hoping to gain market share by lowering prices on popular menu combinations under a new three-tiered pricing program.
• New products and increased marketing activity are key to Waterford Crystal gaining market share at profitable margins.
• Lloyd’s is keen not only to increase its market share but to broaden its spread of risks.
• Imperial’s profits from cigarettes surged to £225m last year, while its market share remained buoyant.
• It has competition, but such a mammoth market share as to be a monopoly.
• The key to growth and stable employment will be through improving the international competitiveness and increasing the market share of our companies.
From Longman Business Dictionary
ˈmarket share (also share)
[countable, uncountable] the percentage of sales in a market that a company or product has
The company foresees improvement in profit this year through increasing its share of the California housing market.
If the two companies’ market shares are combined, they’ll have 28% of the US market.
Our strategy through the year was to maintain market share (=keep it at the same level) and control costs.
Faced with declining (=decreasing) market share and falling profits, the firm laid off workers.
→ share

Exercises

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distraught
so upset and worried that you cannot think clearly

Question 23

rent

Answer 23

Related topics: Finance, Trade
rent1 /rent/ ●●● S2 W3 verb
1 [intransitive, transitive] to regularly pay money to live in a house or room that belongs to someone else, or to use something that belongs to someone else
Most students rent rooms in their second year.
I’d rather have my own house than rent.
rent something from somebody
Some farmers rent their land from the council.
2 (also rent out) [transitive] to let someone live in a house, room etc that you own, or use your land, in return for money SYN let British English
rent something (out) to somebody
She rents out two rooms to students.
3 [transitive] especially American English to pay money for the use of something for a short period of time SYN hire British English
Will you rent a car while you’re in Spain?
THESAURUS
TO PAY MONEY TO USE SOMETHING
rent to pay money to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc
He rented a room in a house on the Old Kent Road.
They flew out to New York and rented a car at the airport.
hire British English to pay money to use a car or a piece of clothing or equipment for a short period of time
Why don’t we hire a van for the day?
You can hire suits for weddings.
lease to have a legal agreement under which you pay money to a person or company in order to use a building, area of land, vehicle, piece of equipment etc for a fixed period of time
They leased the offices from an American company.
The car is leased from BMW.
TO ALLOW SOMEBODY TO USE SOMETHING FOR MONEY
rent/rent something out to allow someone to use a house, room, vehicle, piece of equipment, area of land etc in return for money
She rents the flat out to students.
let/let something out to allow someone to use a room, house, building etc in return for money
Some people don’t want to let rooms to foreigners.
They let the house out while they were on holiday.
lease/lease something out to make a legal agreement which allows a person or company to use something that you own for a fixed period of time
Santa Clara ‘ s Redevelopment Agency leased the existing city golf course to developers.
→ rent at/for something
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
rent
• Do you own your home or are you renting?
• He finally decided to rent a condo on the lake.
• We rented a couple of movies this weekend.
• Did you know you can rent a fax machine from the telephone company?
• When she got to Dallas she rented a Ford convertible from the Avis desk.
• He rented a further acre of land and erected five kilns, a drying floor and engine house.
• Vicky put the house up for rent a month ago, but changed her mind the next day.
• You rented a tuxedo for two hundred dollars? Are you crazy?
• Should we rent a video tonight?
• Later, they rented an apartment to other refugees in a building they own.
• Many young couples rent an apartment until they’ve saved enough money to buy a house.
• I can’t afford to rent an office in this part of town.
• Imagine tossing the keys to a 300-horsepower rented Corvette to a seventeen-year-old boy who likes race cars.
• Instead, many fell upon him and rent him.
• Of the 4,190,000 households entitled to rent rebates only 2,930,000 received them.
• Beck and his wife are renting while they look for a house to buy.
rent something (out) to somebody
• The rent still had to be paid and it was impossible to sell the lease with so much property available.
• But the rent also had to be paid.
• You see, the parish owns some property which is rented very cheaply to deserving people.
• The second man was Jimmy Biondo, who owned the place but no longer used it, and rented it to Jack.
• Now he makes ends meet by renting rooms to students.
• Slimmed workforces and dropping city office rents have seen to that.
• It also provided an £80,000 rent guarantee to the landlord.
• Later she got a second loan, which she used to buy a rickshaw which she rents out to the villagers.
Related topics: Business, Trade
rent2 ●●● S2 W3 noun
1 [countable, uncountable] the money that someone pays regularly to use a room, house etc that belongs to someone else
I pay the rent at the beginning of every month.
rent of
an annual rent of £8,000
► see thesaurus at cost
2 [countable, uncountable] especially American English an amount of money that you pay to use a car, boat etc that belongs to someone else
The rent was only $20 an hour.
3 → for rent
4 [countable] formal a large tear in something made of cloth
huge rents in the curtains
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + RENT
high
Rents in the city centre are very high.
low
Our workers get low rents and other advantages.
exorbitant (=extremely high)
Some landlords charge exorbitant rents.
fixed
The rent is fixed for three years.
affordable (=which people can easily pay)
The government plans to provide more homes at affordable rents.
the annual/monthly/weekly rent
Our annual rent is just over $15000.
ground rent British English (=rent paid to the owner of the land that a house, office etc is built on)
There is an additional ground rent of £30 per month.
a peppercorn rent British English (=an extremely low rent)
The colonel let us have the cottage for a peppercorn rent.
back rent (=rent you owe for an earlier period)
Mrs Carr said she is still owed several thousand dollars in back rent.
the rent is due (=it must be paid at a particular time)
The rent is due at the beginning of the week.
VERBS
pay the rent
She couldn’t afford to pay the rent.
increase/raise the rent (also put up the rent British English)
The landlord wants to put up the rent.
fall behind with the rent/get behind on the rent (=fail to pay your rent on time)
You could be evicted if you fall behind with the rent.
collect the rent
His job is to collect the rents from the tenants.
the rent increases/goes up
The rent has gone up by over 50% in the last two years.
RENT + NOUN
a rent increase
How can they justify such big rent increases?
rent arrears British English (=money that you owe because you have not paid your rent)
The most common debts were rent arrears.
a rent book British English (=a book that shows the payments you have made in rent)
Examples from the Corpus
rent
• His regular commitments - rent, electricity, etc. - are £38.08 and 50p insurance.
• It also established the first Crofters Commission as a permanent body empowered to fix fair rents and administer crofting legislation.
• She pays £350 a month rent for a one-bedroomed apartment.
• Office rents are highest in the city centre.
• Meyer said the shortage of apartments and continued pressure on rents would continue for the next three years.
• When they could pay rent, they did.
• The group will also recommend improved access to private rented accommodation through rent deposit schemes.
• Many S corporation owners are rich people on paper but can barely pay the rent.
• If my landlord raises the rent again, I’ll have to look for somewhere smaller.
• The rent is $850 a month.
• At a staggering £385 a week rent.
• One resident was evicted after she withheld rent.
rent3
the past tense and past participle of rend
Examples from the Corpus
rent
• I had to rent a driveway across the street.
• He rented a further acre of land and erected five kilns, a drying floor and engine house.
• Later, they rented an apartment to other refugees in a building they own.
• Imagine tossing the keys to a 300-horsepower rented Corvette to a seventeen-year-old boy who likes race cars.
• Instead, many fell upon him and rent him.
• Every available hotel room was rented out and, on some weekends, county gasoline pumps ran dry.
• Of the 4,190,000 households entitled to rent rebates only 2,930,000 received them.
• It was something connected with three students who rented their house some years ago.
From Longman Business Dictionary
rent1 /rent/ verb
1[intransitive, transitive] to pay a regular amount of money for the use of something such as a house or office
The company had been renting for seven years before buying a 13,000-square-foot headquarters.
Businesses can rent PCs to alleviate peak workloads.
rent something from somebody
Who do you rent the shop from?
2[transitive] (also rent something → out) to allow someone to use something in return for payment
video stores that rent Nintendo games
the lucrative business of renting out trailers and trucks
rent something to somebody
A New York dealer rented an Avis car to an unauthorized driver.
Many people trying to sell their second homes have decided to rent them out to tourists instead.
3[transitive] especially American English to pay money for the use of something owned by someone else for a short period of timeSYNhire BrE
Travelers prefer to rent cars with low mileage.
4[intransitive] if a house, office etc rents at or rents for a particular amount of money, that is how much it costs to use it
The new units are renting for £350 a month or less.
—rented adjective [only before a noun]
living inrented accommodation
→ See Verb table
rent2 noun
1[countable, uncountable] money paid for the use of a house, office etc
Commercial rents have decreased significantly over the last few years.
→ fair rent
→ ground rent
→ net rent
→ peppercorn rent
→ rack rent
2for rent available to be rented
There is a lack of affordable housing for rent.
Origin rent2 1. (1100-1200) Old French rente, from Vulgar Latin rendita, from Latin reddere; → RENDER2. (1500-1600) rend

Question 24

lease

Answer 24

Related topics: Law
lease1 /liːs/ ●○○ noun [countable]
1 a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent
lease on
They took out a lease on a seven-acre field.
The landlord refused to renew his lease.
The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
Do you understand all the terms of the lease?
2 → a new lease of life
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have/hold a lease
Who has the lease on the flat?
take (out) a lease (=start having a lease)
He took a seven-year lease on the place.
renew a lease (=keep a lease for a longer period of time)
The company decided not to renew the lease on the office.
grant somebody a lease (=let someone have a lease)
The landlord may grant a lease for a short or long period.
sign a lease (=agree to the legal details of a lease by signing it)
He refused to sign the new lease because the rent was too high.
a lease runs (=continues for a period of time)
The lease will run for 21 years.
a lease runs out (also a lease expires formal) (=it stops)
Their lease runs out in June.
ADJECTIVES
a short/short-term lease
These flats are let on short leases to students.
a long/long-term lease
We’re negotiating a long-term lease on the building.
a 20/30/40 etc year lease
The company has acquired the building on a 30-year lease.
the current/existing lease
The current lease still has 12 years to run.
LEASE + NOUN
a lease agreement
The organization has signed a lease agreement on a 50-acre site.
a lease payment
He is struggling to afford the lease payments on the office.
PHRASES
the terms of a lease (=the legal details of it)
Under the terms of the lease, the tenants have to pay for any repairs.
Examples from the Corpus
lease
• The tenant holds under an agreement for a lease.
• Tissington however, did not hold on to his lease for very long.
• a six-month lease on an apartment
• For example some leases require the expert to receive submissions or evidence from the parties.
• That flexibility might involve the offer of a short-term agreement or a long-term lease with an appropriate break clause.
• Secondly, the purchaser will require the surveyor to assess potential liabilities under repairing obligations in the lease and in particular for dilapidations.
• Yaki, who was instrumental in negotiating the leases as an aide to Rep.
renew … lease
• He wanted a guarantee that he could renew the lease on expiry.
• A typical instance where a solicitor is needed is renewing the lease at the end of the tenancy.
• The landlord had not renewed Elgaen’s lease, and he couldn’t find a favorable north-end location in time.
lease2 ●○○ verb [transitive]
1 to use a building, car etc under a lease
I’m interested in leasing your cottage.
lease something from somebody
They lease the site from the council.
2 (also lease out) to let someone use a building, car etc under a lease
lease something to somebody
The building was leased to a health club.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
lease
• Lansing and Friedkin were leasing a four-bedroom, 6,000-square-foot house in the Beverly Hills area, sources say.
• We lease all our computers.
• The building is actually owned by the government – we’re leasing it from them.
• The company plans to sell or lease its remaining stores to other supermarkets.
• Councils and housing associations will be allowed to lease or buy empty homes in order to provide accommodation for homeless people.
• It would work out cheaper overall to lease the computers for the project.
• A further source of income could be obtained from leasing the considerable shooting and fishing rights that belonged to the farm.
• The Cider Press Company leases the machinery and buildings for $1000 a month.
• Internet start-ups are being helped by companies willing to lease them Web servers and space.
• The aircraft had been leased to a Nigerian airline.
lease something to somebody
• They decided to lease the building to another company.
From Longman Business Dictionary
lease1 /liːs/ verb [transitive]
1if you lease something to someone, you give them the right to use it for a particular period of time in return for payment
lease somebody something
The local authority leased him the property.
lease something to somebody
AT&T leased the building to Sony and said it would find cheaper space elsewhere.
lease something out (to somebody)
We lease the land out to the forestry people.
2if you lease something from someone, you pay them to let you use it for a particular period of time
lease something from somebody
All its scientific equipment is leased from another company.
→ see also sublease, sublet→ See Verb table
lease2 noun [countable]
a legal contract that allows a person or organization to make payments to use something for a particular period of time
The initialterm of the lease (=the time that it lasts) is 10 years, with three additional 10-year renewal options.
The company leases cars to corporate fleets and then sells them when the leases expire (=end).
→ aircraft lease
→ building lease
→ car lease
→ derivative lease
→ dry lease
→ equipment lease
→ finance lease
→ operating lease
→ repairing lease
→ store lease
→ wet lease
قرارداد اجاره، اجاره‌نامه، اجاره‌نام‌چه
- a new lease of life
- عمر دوباره
- give somebody a new lease of life
- حیات تازه‌ای به کسی دادن، روح تازه‌ای در کالبد کسی دمیدن، خون تازه‌ای در رگ‌های کسی به جریان انداختن، عمر دوباره‌ای دادن به
- get a new lease of life
- زندگی دوباره‌ای یافتن، خون تازه‌ای در رگ‌های کسی دویدن

Question 25

on-demand

Answer 25

on demand
formal whenever someone asks
 Should you feed your baby on demand, or stick to a timetable?
→ demand
From Longman Business Dictionary
Related topics: Finance
on deˈmand adverb American English
if money is lent on demand, it must be repaid immediately if the lender asks for itSYNAT CALL, ON CALL Br

Question 26

endorsement

Answer 26

ظهر‌نویسی، امضا، موافقت، تأیید
- the endorsement of a check
- امضای پشت چک، پشت‌نویسی چک
- His endorsement of the labour party candidate was unexpected.
- اعلام پشتیبانی او از نامزد حزب کارگر غیرمنتظره بود.
en‧dorse‧ment /ɪnˈdɔːsmənt $ -ɔːrs-/ ●○○ noun
1 [countable, uncountable] an expression of formal support or approval for someone or something
the official endorsement of his candidacy
To say it is the least bad system is hardly a ringing endorsement (=a statement showing strong support).
2 [countable, uncountable] a statement made by a famous person in an advertisement saying that they like and use a particular product
celebrity endorsements
3 [countable] British English an official record made on someone’s driving licence to show that they are guilty of a driving offence
From Longman Business Dictionary
en‧dorse‧ment /ɪnˈdɔːsmənt-ɔːr-/ (also indorsement) noun
1[countable, uncountable] when someone signs a formal document for something they own so that ownership changes to someone else
A bill of lading was transferable by endorsement, and capable of transferring title to the goods.
2[countable, uncountable] when someone signs a cheque, bill of exchange etc that was payable to them so that it becomes payable to someone else
3[countable, uncountable] when a bank official signs a bill of exchange, or promissory note as a promise that the bank will pay it. The bank will then get the money from the person who originally should have paid it after discounting it
4[countable] a written condition added to an insurance agreement
Under the policy terms and endorsements, we will insure you against certain legal liability, loss or damage.
5 (also product endorsement) [countable, uncountable] when a well-known person says in an advertisement how good they think a product is
Her agent committed her to product endorsement deals ranging from supermarkets to digital cameras.
Exercises

More results
a ringing endorsement
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Word of the day
distraught
so upset and worried that you cannot think clearly

Question 27

scalability

Answer 27

قابلیت فروش
Related topics: Computers
scal‧a‧bil‧i‧ty /ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable] technical
the degree to which a computer system is able to grow and become more powerful as the number of people using it increases
Examples from the Corpus
scalability
• Despite these serious hiccups, Sun maintains the continued scalability of Sparc and claims that simulations prove the viability of the UltraSparc.
• The family’s architecture is designed on a tiered principle to enable scalability.

Question 28

annual

Answer 28

سالیانه، یک‌ساله

• the annual meeting of the board of directors
• نشست سالیانه‌ی هیئت مدیره
• They meet annually.
• آنها هرسال (سالی یکبار) ملاقات می‌کنند.
• annual plants
• گیاهان یک‌سال‌زی
• annual ring
• چنبر سالیانه، حلقه‌ی سالیانه