Government’s Roles and Issues

Question 1

reserve

Answer 1

پس نهاد، کنار گذاشتن، پس نهاد کردن، نگه داشتن، اختصاص دادن، اندوختن، اندوخته، ذخیره، احتیاط، یدکی، (درمورد انسان) تودار بودن، مدارا
(Noun) (Verb - transitive) از پیش حفظ کردن، رزرو کردن
Related topics: Daily life
re‧serve1 /rɪˈzɜːv $ -ɜːrv/ ●●● W3 verb [transitive]
1 to arrange for a place in a hotel, restaurant, plane etc to be kept for you to use at a particular time in the future → book
reserve something for somebody/something
I’d like to reserve a table for two.
Do you have to reserve tickets in advance?
2 to keep something so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular purpose SYN set aside
reserve something for somebody/something
A separate room is reserved for smokers.
reserved parking spaces
3 especially written to keep part of something for use at a later time during a process – used especially when describing how to cook something SYN keep, save
Reserve a little of the mixture to sprinkle over the top of the pie.
4 to use or show something only in one particular situation
reserve something for somebody/something
She spoke in a tone of voice she usually reserved for dealing with officials.
5 → reserve the right to do something
6 → reserve (your) judgment (on something)
→ See Verb table

Question 2

pension

Answer 2

حقوق بازنشستگی، مقرری، مزد، حقوق
- She went to the company to draw her pension.
- او به شرکت رفت تا حقوقش را بگیرد.
- Her pension amounts to $2000 per month.
- حقوق بازنشستگی او بالغ بر ماهی دو هزار دلار است.
(Noun) [Countable] پانسیون
(Verb - transitive) بازنشسته کردن، مستمری دادن
pen‧sion1 /ˈpenʃən/ ●●○ S3 W2 noun [countable]
an amount of money paid regularly by the government or company to someone who does not work anymore, for example because they have reached the age when people stop working or because they are ill
At what age can you start drawing your pension?
If you are self-employed, you should think about taking out a private pension.
Many people find it hard to live on a basic state pension.
She pays a quarter of her salary into a pension plan.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
get/receive a pension
They receive the basic state pension.
draw your pension (=receive it)
He’s got another ten years before he draws his pension.
collect your pension (=receive it or go to get it)
She went to the post office every week to collect her pension.
pay into a pension (=pay money regularly so that you will have a pension later)
They have been unable to pay into a pension.
take out a pension (=make arrangements to have a pension later)
People were encouraged to take out private pensions.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + PENSION
an old age pension
State old age pensions were introduced in 1908.
a retirement pension
Many workers lost their retirement pensions when the fund collapsed.
a state pension British English, a public pension American English (=one that the government pays)
They argued that the state pension should rise in line with average earnings.
a company/occupational pension (=one that your employer pays)
I’ve been paying into the company pension scheme for 20 years.
a private/personal pension (=one that you arrange with a private pension company)
The percentage of the workforce with a private pension has declined.
PENSION + NOUN
pension contributions (=money that you pay into a pension)
You can make additional pension contributions.
pension provision (=when you pay money regularly so that you will have a pension later)
They can’t afford to make adequate pension provision for themselves.
pension age (=the age when you can get a pension)
Most men stayed in their jobs until pension age.
Examples from the Corpus
pension
• How long have you been drawing a pension?
• Subsequent valuation of a pension scheme A company’s year end is 31 March.
• Living on a pension isn’t easy you know. You really have to scrimp and save.
• Is there a pension scheme where you work?
• In spite of his breakdowns, Hoccleve achieved a position of seniority and in due course retired with a pension.
• The government is considering linking the old-age pension to earnings.
• General operating expenses, including salaries and pension contributions, grew 3. 4 percent to 92. 927 billion pesetas.
• He retired from the force with a disability pension.
• He gets a pretty good pension from his old firm.
• He would also have to liquidate his pension funds.
• Martin still hasn’t got his invalidity pension sorted out.
• Occupational pensions are undoubtedly delivering the goods for those people who are members.
• By July I was able to set out my proposals on personal pensions.
• If a man retires at 58, he’s actually got seven years to go before he draws his state pension.
• Most important, there is an assurance that pension rights are linked to the retail prices index.
• The pension fund plans to cut in half the number of outside managers, Mr Burnham added.
• I don’t know how you manage on your pension, Lil, I really don’t.
drawing … pension
• Or keep working past 65 and postpone drawing your pension.
pension2 verb British English
→ pension somebody/something ↔ off
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
pension
• In three years, just thirty-six months, they would pension him off.
Related topics: Household, Tourism
pen‧si‧on3 /ˈpɒnsiɒn $ pɑːnˈsjoʊn/ noun [countable]
a small cheap hotel in France and some other European countries
Examples from the Corpus
pension
• General operating expenses, including salaries and pension contributions, grew 3. 4 percent to 92. 927 billion pesetas.
From Longman Business Dictionary
pen‧sion1 /ˈpenʃən/ noun [countable]
an amount of money paid regularly by a government, company, or financial institution to someone who is officially considered to be too old or too ill to earn money by workingSYNretirement plan AmE
If you retire at 55 you can expect your pension to be half the size it would be at age 65.
He lives in a modest house on a small pension.
Pension contributions (=money that you give or an employer gives to pay for the pension that you will get) attract no tax.
→ disability pension
→ occupational pension
→ old age pension
→ personal pension
→ portable pension
→ private pension
→ retirement pension
→ self-administered pension
→ stakeholder pension
→ state pension
→ state second pension
→ top-hat pension
→ top-up pension

Question 3

subsidy

Answer 3

یارانه، اعانه، کمک‌هزینه، کمک مالی
Related topics: Economics, Finance
sub‧si‧dy /ˈsʌbsədi/ ●○○ AWL noun (plural subsidies) [countable]
money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc
trade/agricultural etc subsidies
international disagreement over trade subsidies
Examples from the Corpus
subsidy
• The Commission official insisted these loans were repayable with interest, and did not constitute a subsidy.
• But donations to help elect or defeat political candidates have been denied such a subsidy since 1954.
• One delegate likened Mr Gummer’s motion to abolish subsidies on agricultural production to turkeys voting for Christmas.
• US farmers are having trouble coping with the reductions in agricultural subsidies.
• Farm subsidies totaled $53 billion last year.
• Federal subsidies would be available to help employers pay the insurance premiums.
• Lacking the generous subsidies that European orchestras receive, modern American groups are under increasing pressure to play popular pieces.
• Government subsidies in the form of legal notices shrank while circulation and advertising income rose dramatically.
• Housing subsidies, food supplements, and health care will decline to levels that no longer can alleviate the pain.
• The devaluation and the cuts in subsidies resulted in price rises of between 100 and 120 percent.
• Still, it amounted to a massive subsidy to Wall Street from Congress.
• The taskforce has recommended some kind of subsidy to help businesses get their Internet start-ups off the ground.
• They built and financed a whole new suburb, and they did it without a public subsidy.
• Congress may cut some subsidies to farmers.
• Without state subsidies, the railways couldn’t survive.
• And for two days officials from the General Council discussed with the Government the possibility of extending the subsidy.
From Longman Business Dictionary
sub‧si‧dy /ˈsʌbsədi/ noun (plural subsidies) [countable]
money that is paid by a government or organization to make something such as a particular food or product cheaper to buy, use, or produce
Billions of dollars were given out in agricultural subsidies.
→ tax subsidy
Origin subsidy (1300-1400) Latin subsidium “soldiers kept in reserve, support, help”, from sub- “near” + sedere “to sit”

Question 4

industry

Answer 4

an important/major industry
Agriculture is still a major industry in Scotland.
a thriving industry (=one that is doing very well)
Software development soon became a thriving industry in the area.
a growing industry
Tourism is a growing industry in many parts of the developing world.
a declining industry (=one that is doing badly)
Coal and steel are declining industries in Britain.
manufacturing industry (=industries in which goods are produced in factories)
The last twenty years has seen a decline in manufacturing industry.
a service industry (=businesses that provide a service, such as banking and tourism)
Most of the new jobs are in service industries.
heavy industry (=industries that involve the production of large goods)
Shipbuilding and other heavy industry developed in the north of Britain.
light industry (=industries that involve the production of small goods)
Jobs in light industry are increasing.
modern industry
Modern industry needs to be in places where there are good transport links.
a traditional industry (=an industry that has been in a particular area for a long time)
The shipyards, the traditional industry in the northeast, had closed.
the coal/car/textile etc industry
The town was very dependant on the car industry.
the agricultural/fishing industry
There has been a decline in Britain’s fishing industry.
the tourist/travel industry
The tourist industry earns billions of dollars per year.
the leisure/entertainment industry
Computer technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry.
the film/music industry (=the work of producing films or music)
She would really like to work in the music industry.
VERBS
an industry grows/expands
The clothing industry grew rapidly during the 1960s.
an industry declines (=becomes less successful)
The shipping industry declined after World War II.
develop an industry
More investment is needed to develop new industries such as tourism.
damage an industry
Financial scandals have damaged the industry in recent years.
nationalize an industry (=make it owned by the state)
The rail industry was nationalized in the 1950s, with disastrous results.
privatize an industry (=make it privately owned, rather than owned by the state)
The water industry was privatized in the 1980s.
regulate an industry (=control an industry so that it does not make unfair profits)
A new agency was created to regulate the telecommunications industry.
INDUSTRY + NOUN
an industry leader (=one of the most successful companies in a particular industry)
We are now a mature company and an industry leader.
industry experts (=people who know a lot about a particular industry)
Industry experts expect house prices to rise.
industry analysts (=people who study a particular industry to see how it is developing)
Industry analysts are expecting profits to improve in the second half of the year.
PHRASES
a captain of industry (=someone who runs a large company and has a lot of influence)
He rose to be a great captain of industry.
trade and industry (=producing goods, and buying and selling them)
He works for the Department of Trade and Industry.

Question 5

manufacturing

Answer 5

ساخت

Question 6

bailout

Answer 6

نجات‌بخشی (از تنگنا)، معاضدت، همیاری
(Noun) کمک مالی دولت (برای مثال به شرکتی که درحال ورشکستگی است)
(Noun) پرش با چتر نجات (از هواپیمای درحال سقوط)
1 bail somebody/something ↔ out (also bale somebody/something ↔ out British English) to do something to help someone out of trouble, especially financial problems
Some local businesses have offered to bail out the museum.
Sutton bailed his team out with a goal in the last minute.
2 bail somebody ↔ out to leave a large sum of money with a court so that someone can be let out of prison while waiting for their trial
Clarke’s family paid £500 to bail him out.
3 American English to escape from a plane, using a parachute SYN bale out British English
4 bail something ↔ out (also bale something ↔ out British English) to remove water that has come into a boat
→ bail→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
bail out
• He owed thousands of dollars, and his mother had to sell land to bail him out.
• You can’t expect your father to bail you out of trouble all the time.
• The government bailed out the ailing car company in order to protect jobs.
Related topics: Finance
ˈbail-out noun [countable]
informal financial help given to a person or a company that is in difficulty
Examples from the Corpus
bail-out
• One reason for this reaction is that the market expects a bail-out.
• But when the time came for the annual bail-out, the recession-strapped Culture Ministry balked.
• Having just undertaken a costly bail-out of the thrifts and tightened regulations, it might seem that this problem is behind us.
• Monetary reform initially dawdled along so slowly that the International Monetary Fund has suspended its bail-out funding.
From Longman Business Dictionary
bail out phrasal verb
1[transitive] informal bail somebody/something → out to provide money to get a person or organization out of financial trouble
These enterprises think they can force the banks to bail them out.
→ see also bail-out
2[transitive] bail somebody → out to help someone to be set free on bail, usually by providing an amount of money that can be left with the court
Somehow she raised the $500 to bail him out.
3 [intransitive] informal if you bail out of investments that are not doing well, you sell them
The stock has climbed to the low $40s from the low $30s, giving him a chance to bail out at a loss he could live with.
→ bail→ See Verb table
ˈbail-out (also bailout) noun [countable]
providing money to a person or organization to get them out of financial trouble
Losses totaling hundreds of millions of dollars led to an expensive bailout by its parent company.

Question 7

monetary policy

Answer 7

ˈmonetary ˌpolicy [countable, uncountable]
the way a central bank controls the amount of money in the economy at a particular time, for example by changing interest rates
Unless the Bank of Japan relaxes monetary policy (=makes it easier to borrow), the stock market is unlikely to improve.
The program is aimed at maintaining the exchange rate against other currencies bytightening monetary policies (=making them more strict).
→ policy

Question 8

poverty

Answer 8

تنگدستی، فقر، فلاکت، تهیدستی، کمیابی، بینوایی، ناداری، بی‌چیزی، فقدان
- to live in poverty
- در فقر زندگی کردن
- The farmers’ poverty saddened us.
- بینوایی روستاییان ما را متأثر کرد.
- His stories show a surprising poverty of imagination and inventiveness.
- داستان‌هایش حاکی از این است که او به‌طور تعجب‌آوری فاقد قوه تخیل و ابتکار است.
- poverty of the soil
- کم‌قوتی خاک
1 [uncountable] the situation or experience of being poor → poor, impoverished
Millions of elderly people live in poverty.
We need an effective strategy to fight poverty.
continued efforts to alleviate poverty and raise living standards
scenes of abject poverty
the causes of urban poverty
2 → the poverty line
3 → the poverty trap
4 [singular, uncountable] formal a lack of a particular quality
poverty of
The novel shows a surprising poverty of imagination.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
live in poverty
Half the world is living in poverty.
grow up in poverty
No child should grow up in poverty in America in the 21st century.
die in poverty
His art was not appreciated and he died in poverty.
be reduced to poverty (=become very poor)
By the end of the war, millions of people had been reduced to poverty.
fight/combat poverty (=take action to get rid of poverty)
The money should be spent on fighting poverty.
tackle poverty (=take action to reduce the amount of poverty)
Our priority is to tackle poverty and global inequality.
reduce poverty (=reduce the amount of poverty)
More must be done to reduce child poverty.
alleviate/relieve poverty formal (=make it less severe)
What has the West done to alleviate poverty in the world?
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + POVERTY
extreme/severe poverty
They live in conditions of extreme poverty.
abject/grinding/dire poverty (=extremely severe)
He was shocked by the abject poverty that he saw.
relative poverty (=when someone is poor compared with someone else)
the relative poverty of the southern states
world poverty
They campaigned for an end to world poverty.
urban/rural poverty
People come to the capital seeking to escape rural poverty.
child poverty
There is increasing child poverty in our country.
Examples from the Corpus
poverty
• Poverty and unemployment are two of the biggest causes of crime
• Seven out of every 10 Guatemalans live in dire poverty and half cannot read or write.
• Theoretically, eliminating poverty and underdevelopment in the region should pose no problem.
• Chancey, who had never known his parents, was being raised by an old aunt in extreme poverty.
• Old people should not have to live in poverty.
• They are not in transition, they are developing countries and are sinking into poverty.
• Desirelessness, or Hindu renunciation, it has been argued, leads to personal indifference and passivity and national poverty and stagnation.
• But merely examining national poverty statistics is not sufficient to understand the depth of poverty in the United States.
• They are made by all Ministers who are confronted with allegations of student poverty and hardship.
• Rowntree emphasized that such poverty was not due to idleness.
• In Louisiana, one person in four lives below the poverty level.
urban poverty
• These policies were inpart based on assumptions about the causes of rural and urban poverty and low growth.
• Can the problems of urban poverty be blamed on individual pathology?
• The core issue is that of urban poverty.
• It may be that urban poverty then was no worse than poverty in the country.

Question 9

wealth

Answer 9

توانگری، دارایی، ثروت، مال، تمول، وفور، زیادی

• Her wealth is estimated at 5 million dollars.
• دارایی او را پنج میلیون دلار برآورد کرده‌اند.
• How did you acquire your wealth?
• ثروت خود را چگونه به‌دست آوردی؟
• a man of wealth
• مرد پولدار
• Her book contains a wealth of historical details.
• کتاب او حاوی جزئیات تاریخی فراوانی است.
• a wealth of interesting ideas
• وفور عقاید جالب
• the wealth of the oceans
• منابع (نهفته در) اقیانوس‌ها

Question 10

scarcity

Answer 10

کمیابی
- a gem of great scarcity
- یک جواهر بسیار کمیاب
- The drought-struck area suffers scarcity.
- ناحیه‌ی خشکسالی‌زده دچار کمبود می‌شود.
- a scarcity of math teachers
- کمبود معلمان ریاضی
- Job scarcity forces young people to emigrate.
- فقدان کار جوانان را مجبور به مهاجرت می‌کند.
scar‧ci‧ty /ˈskeəsəti $ ˈsker-/ noun [singular]
a situation in which there is not enough of something SYN lack
scarcity of
the scarcity of employment opportunities
Examples from the Corpus
scarcity
• The debate about the depletion of the ozone layer has been so far hampered by a scarcity of data.
• Moreover, they suffer from a scarcity of books, and from pedagogical methods that rely on the memorization of class lectures.
• An independence based upon an abundance of goodwill may be found even where there are scarcities in power resources.
• Further, the justification that channel scarcity requires the government to regulate the content of broadcasting no longer exists.
• The world is entering a period of protein scarcity, the report says.
• The scarcity of medical supplies was becoming critical.

Question 11

transparency

Answer 11

پشت‌نمایی، شفافیت، عکس یا خطی که از پشت روشنایی به آن بیندازند
Related topics: Photography
trans‧par‧en‧cy /trænˈspærənsi, -ˈspeər- $ -ˈspær-, ˈsper-/ noun (plural transparencies)
1 [countable] a sheet of plastic or a piece of photographic film through which light can be shone to show a picture on a large screen
2 [uncountable] the quality of glass, plastic etc that makes it possible for you to see through it → opacity
3 [uncountable] the quality of being easy to understand or know about → obscurity
Examples from the Corpus
transparency
• These variable factors include the depth of the water, its temperature and transparency, and its velocity, among others.
• There’s just no interest in transparency.
• Its depth determines its purity, and its purity determines its transparency.
• This is aimed at preventing insider dealing and promoting market transparency.
• The normal dieback is 5 percent, the normal transparency, 25 percent.
• The partial transparency of the rock allows focussing up and down to assess grain packing.
• The fiasco has shown up the dangers in an industry where reputation often rests more on brand names than transparency.

Question 12

welfare

Answer 12

) [Uncountable] آسایش، رفاه، خیر، سعادت، خیریه، شادکامی
- A greedy landlord neglected the welfare of his tenants.
- صاحبخانه آزمند رفاه مستأجران خود را نادیده گرفت.
- Parents seek the welfare of their children.
- والدین طالب سعادت فرزندان خود هستند.
(Adjective) رفاهیRelated topics: Welfare
wel‧fare /ˈwelfeə $ -fer/ ●●○ W2 AWL noun [uncountable]
1 someone’s welfare is their health and happiness
Our only concern is the children’s welfare.
2 help that is provided for people who have personal or social problems
welfare benefits/services/programmes etc
the provision of education and welfare services
The company’s welfare officer deals with employees’ personal problems.
3 American English money that is paid by the government in the US to people who are very poor or unemployed SYN benefit British English
on welfare
Most of the people in this neighborhood are on welfare.
Examples from the Corpus
welfare
• As in other cases, the deadweight welfare loss depends on the price elasticity of demand.
• Annabelle stopped getting welfare benefits when her husband landed a minimum-wage job.
• Since 1985, she has quit two full-time jobs because her net pay was less than her welfare check.
• In human terms, however, welfare reform is definitely risky.
• Getting people off welfare and into paying jobs is a major national priority.
• Raising the minimum wage might make it more difficult for people on welfare to get a job.
• The amount of money that the government spends on welfare has halved in the past decade.
• Make another subtraction for everything else other than spending on the elderly that has to be done in the social welfare system.
• We are very concerned about the welfare of U.S. citizens abroad.
• Concern for the welfare of the workers, or labour supply, changed.
• The welfare provisions, meanwhile, require states to put recipients to work and penalize those that fail to do so.
welfare benefits/services/programmes etc
• C., a proposal in Congress would end federal financing for health and welfare services for legal immigrants.
• The terminal workers were fired, and they lost their health and welfare benefits.
• In addition, government policies on taxation and welfare benefits will have a significant influence.
• The measure would also limit cash welfare benefits to a total of five years.
• He advocates ways of limiting men’s role in child welfare services, and says men should practice nurturing each other.
• Similarly, drug-free status must be a basic of eligibility for federal welfare benefits.
• He attacks illegal immigration and opposes welfare benefits for illegal immigrants.
• The most important benefits were adequate job provision, regular pay rises and state welfare services.
on welfare
• Most of the people in this neighborhood are on welfare.
From Longman Business Dictionary
wel‧fare /ˈwelfeə-fer/ noun [uncountable]
1help that is given by government to people with social or financial problems
a drastic reform of the welfare system
2American English money paid by the government to people who are poor, unemployed etc
Non-profit companies are providing job placement for welfare recipients.
large familieson welfare
Origin welfare (1300-1400) well fare “to fare well”

Question 13

economics

Answer 13

(علم) اقتصاد
- He has a doctorate in economics.
- او در علم اقتصاد دکترا دارد.
(Noun) (Plural) وضع اقتصادی، جنبه‌ی اقتصادی، جنبه‌ی مالی
- the economics of building large dams
- جنبه‌های اقتصادی ساختن سدهای بزرگ
Related topics: Economics, Business basics
ec‧o‧nom‧ics /ˌekəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun
1 [uncountable] the study of the way in which money and goods are produced and used → economic
a Harvard professor of economics
2 [plural] the way in which money influences whether a plan, business etc will work effectively
the economics of the scheme
→ home economics
GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?
• In meaning 1, economics is followed by a singular verb:
Economics is often studied with politics.
• In meaning 2, economics is followed by a plural verb:
The economics do not add up.
Examples from the Corpus
economics
• He knows very little about economics or international finance.
• He received a master’s degree in agricultural economics and a doctorate in economics and marketing from Cornell University.
• Whereas the endangered species listing is determined solely upon scientific data, economics play a role in deciding critical habitat.
• A knowledge of development economics and the challenges faced by a small, developing country would be an advantage.
• Mr Coase asked if this analysis was good economics, and showed that it was not.
• Once a week the boys went to shop and the girls to home economics.
• In economics, its use is a blend of two ideas, abstraction and pure problem-solving.
• Keynes’s theories have had an important influence on modern economics.
• The reader will soon discover that I think very little of certain of the central ideas of economics.
• He studied economics at Harvard University.
• However, at present, the economics of using solar-produced electricity to produce hydrogen from water by electrolysis are poor.
• The economics of building new subway lines are being studied.
From Longman Business Dictionary
ec‧o‧nom‧ics /ˌekəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiː–ˈnɑː-/ noun
1[uncountable] the study of the way in which wealth is produced and used
Our consultants include a professor of economics at Harvard University.
→ applied economics
→ classical economics
→ development economics
→ industrial economics
→ mathematical economics
→ supply-side economics
→ welfare economics
2[plural] calculations of whether an activity or business will be profitable or not
The economics of producing oil from coal do not look attractive.
→ see also macroeconomics, microeconomics

Question 14

economy

Answer 14

اقتصاد، نظام اقتصادی
e‧con‧o‧my1 /ɪˈkɒnəmi $ ɪˈkɑː-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun (plural economies)
1 [countable] the system by which a country’s money and goods are produced and used, or a country considered in this way
a successful economy
the slowdown in the Japanese economy
Grammar
You say the economy when talking about the economic system in a particular country:
Tourism is an important part of the economy.
✗Don’t say: Tourism is an important part of economy.
2 [countable] something that you do in order to spend less money
The council must make economies to meet government spending targets.
Not insuring your belongings is a false economy (=it is cheaper but could have bad results).
3 [uncountable] the careful use of money, time, goods etc so that nothing is wasted
The gas fire was turned low for reasons of economy.
The company announced that it would cut 500 jobs as part of an economy drive (=a way to save money).
4 → economies of scale
→ black economy, market economy, mixed economy
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + ECONOMY
strong/healthy/sound
The new government inherited a strong economy.
weak/ailing/depressed
The economy is weak and consumer confidence is low.
fragile (=weak and likely to become worse)
The country’s fragile economy depends almost exclusively on tourism.
stable (=steady, rather than being strong then weak)
The economy has been relatively stable for the last two or three years.
stagnant (=bad and not progressing or improving)
Measures aimed at reviving the stagnant economy are not working.
a flagging economy (=starting to become weaker)
The government must take action to boost the flagging economy.
a booming economy (=extremely strong and successful)
What can we learn from China’s booming economy?
the world/global economy
Rising oil prices threaten the world economy.
the local/national/domestic economy (=in one particular country or area)
The new factory has given a massive boost to the local economy.
the British/American/Japanese etc economy
The Japanese economy is showing signs of recovery.
a large/powerful economy
the world’s two most powerful economies
a small economy
Small economies like Kenya might struggle to survive in a global recession.
a developing economy (=one that is getting stronger and starting to include more modern industries)
Many developing economies are investing in sources of renewable energy.
an industrial economy (=one that is based mainly on industries producing goods or materials)
Expectations for growth in the main industrial economies remain low.
an agricultural/a rural economy (=one that is based mainly on farming)
The early 1920s saw a rapid expansion in the American agricultural economy.
a service economy (=one that is based mainly on selling services such as insurance or tourism)
Britain has shifted from a manufacturing to a service economy.
a market/free-market economy (=based on companies producing and selling products freely, without restrictions)
Eastern European countries were gradually making the transition to a market economy.
a capitalist/socialist economy (=based on a capitalist or socialist political system)
the large capitalist economies of western Europe
the black economy especially British English (=business activity in which people buy and sell goods illegally, without paying tax)
Illegal immigrants have to seek work in the black economy.
VERBS
manage/handle the economy
Governments are judged on how well they manage the economy.
develop/expand the economy
The tax cut should help to expand the economy.
boost the economy (=make it stronger)
It is hoped that the Olympic Games will boost the country’s economy.
harm/damage the economy (=make it less successful)
Sanctions have damaged the economy.
destroy the economy
The floods last year destroyed the region’s economy.
the economy develops/expands/grows (=becomes more successful)
The economy grew by 3% last year.
the economy booms (=becomes very successful very quickly)
The economy is booming and share prices are at an all-time high.
the economy slows down
The US economy is slowing down after a long period of growth.
the economy recovers (=returns to normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty)
The economy is beginning to recover from the recession.

Question 15

lottery

Answer 15

1 [countable] a game used to make money for a state or a charity in which people buy tickets with a series of numbers on them. If their number is picked by chance, they win money or a prize → raffle, draw
a lottery ticket
Do you really think winning the lottery would make you happy?
national/state lottery
2 [countable, uncountable] American English a system of deciding who will get something by choosing people’s names by chance
by lottery
The State Department issues 55,000 visas each year by lottery.
3 → a lottery
Examples from the Corpus
lottery
• Nine hundred Maine residents and 100 nonresidents had their names drawn from a lottery.
• But it was a lottery and lotteries were undesirable.
• They have spent a lifetime playing the birth lottery.
• the NFL draft lottery
• They will hate you with a loathing reserved for lottery winners.
• A baby’s sex is a genetic lottery. It all depends on the chromosomes the baby receives from its parents.
• Franken also avoided military service with student deferments while at Harvard and, ultimately, a high lottery number.
• They had been playing the lottery together for more than a year, and they trusted him.
• Similarly, if you have just won the lottery, go to an adviser who specialises in high net worth individuals.
winning the lottery
• My winning the lottery is improbable, because there are so many sequences of numbers other than mine that could come up.
• Compare that with the one-in-14m chance of winning the lottery in Britain.
• To stand a chance of winning the lottery, you need lots of different tickets.
• The prize has been called the equivalent for a novelist of winning the lottery.
by lottery
• The State Department issues 55,000 visas each year by lottery.
From Longman Business Dictionary
lot‧te‧ry /ˈlɒtəriˈlɑː-/ noun (plural lotteries)
1[countable] a game of chance in which people buy tickets with numbers on and some people win prizes. Lotteries are often used to raise money for the government or for a charity
The national lottery generates substantial additional funds for charities and other good causes.
a lottery winner
2[singular] when what happens depends on chance or luck
The stock market is too much of a lottery.
Origin lottery (1500-1600) French loterie, from Middle Dutch, from lot “lot”
قرعه کشی، بخت‌آزمایی، لاطاری، (مجازاً) امر شانسی، کارالله بختی، شانسی، قرعه
- military draft lottery
- قرعه‌کشی برای خدمت نظام

Question 16

resources

Answer 16

منبع، وسیله
(Noun) وسیله، کاردانی، منبع، ممر، مایه، ابتکار
- natural resources
- منابع طبیعی
- financial resources
- منابع مالی

Question 17

sustainability

Answer 17

1 able to continue without causing damage to the environment
The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.
the sustainable use of rainforest resources
Cycling is a totally sustainable form of transport.
environmentally sustainable development
► see thesaurus at environmentally friendly
2 able to continue for a long time
The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth.
—sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable]
Examples from the Corpus
sustainable
• Which industries out of this set will be sustainable?
• Traditional agricultural methods employed by the local people are highly sustainable.
• The political Greens took it as confirmation that industrial society was indeed not sustainable.
• The fashionable creed of sustainable development panders to that sort of thinking.
• The Toronto Protocol is entitled: Public Transport – a major contributor to liveable communities and sustainable development.
• sustainable economic growth
• All wood used in our furniture comes with a certificate saying it comes from sustainable forests
• The Queensland Conservation Council accepts that grants are needed to encourage sustainable land management.
• These raise questions like: What is sustainable tourism?
environmentally sustainable
• Labour will promote environmentally sustainable development and encourage new approaches to reduce Third World debt.
• The two governments will work together on solutions for environmental problems based on principles of environmentally sustainable development.
• We believe that this what is required if we are to achieve environmentally sustainable development.
From Longman Business Dictionary
sus‧tain‧a‧ble /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ adjective
strong enough to continue existing or happening for a long time
The market wants to see more evidence that price stability is sustainable.

Question 18

sustainability

Answer 18

1 able to continue without causing damage to the environment
The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.
the sustainable use of rainforest resources
Cycling is a totally sustainable form of transport.
environmentally sustainable development
► see thesaurus at environmentally friendly
2 able to continue for a long time
The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth.
—sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable]
Examples from the Corpus
sustainable
• Which industries out of this set will be sustainable?
• Traditional agricultural methods employed by the local people are highly sustainable.
• The political Greens took it as confirmation that industrial society was indeed not sustainable.
• The fashionable creed of sustainable development panders to that sort of thinking.
• The Toronto Protocol is entitled: Public Transport – a major contributor to liveable communities and sustainable development.
• sustainable economic growth
• All wood used in our furniture comes with a certificate saying it comes from sustainable forests
• The Queensland Conservation Council accepts that grants are needed to encourage sustainable land management.
• These raise questions like: What is sustainable tourism?
environmentally sustainable
• Labour will promote environmentally sustainable development and encourage new approaches to reduce Third World debt.
• The two governments will work together on solutions for environmental problems based on principles of environmentally sustainable development.
• We believe that this what is required if we are to achieve environmentally sustainable development.
From Longman Business Dictionary
sus‧tain‧a‧ble /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ adjective
strong enough to continue existing or happening for a long time
The market wants to see more evidence that price stability is sustainable.
قابل‌تحمل، تاب‌آوردنی
(Adjective) (محیط زیست) تجدیدپذیر، پایدار، قابل بازیافت، پایا

Question 19

framework

Answer 19

چوب‌بست، چهارچوبه، کالبد، استخوان‌بندی، بدنه
(Noun) [Countable] استخوان‌بندی، چارچوب
framework
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Related topics: Technology
frame‧work /ˈfreɪmwɜːk $ -wɜːrk/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable]
1 [usually singular] a set of ideas, rules, or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions are based
framework of/for
This paper provides a framework for future research.
2 → social/legal/political etc framework
3 the main supporting parts of a building, vehicle, or object
the metal framework of the roof
Examples from the Corpus
framework
• The aim of this legislation is to provide a framework for employers and trade unions to operate in.
• The science people learn in school can provide the basic framework.
• The conceptual framework it has produced is particularly pertinent to the discussion here.
• The management of schools is changing and decisions have to be made in the context of a financial framework.
• Nor have we tried to decide whether rules and reasons can only be considered in a hermeneutic framework incompatible with causal explanation.
• A rigid metal framework supported the sculpture.
• We need a legal and political framework that is favourable to business.
• The purpose of this paper is to suggest a simple framework in which to address some of these neglected questions.
• The civil zone still poses many difficult problems of chronology in the framework of what is known of the historical narrative.
• How do you feel you can develop your skills within the framework of the team?
• In this framework, policies that encourage investment are good; policies that make investment less profitable are bad.
framework of/for
• The bodily expression of inner distress needs a framework of bonds between people if it is to have any meaning.
• The first session is used for introductions and for setting up a framework for the course.
• Both were inspired by the potential of law to create a disciplined framework for global technological and social change.
• Seizing on one cause and inflating its opposite within a problematic framework of assumptions is not the answer.
• Enlargement to the East will take place in a restrictive framework of international rules and obligations.
• But that, unusual though it was, had been only the outline, the skeletal framework of the man.
• It is far better to plan a media relations programme within the framework of your organisation’s objectives as whole.
• To help things along we provide our usual framework of social activities, sharing costs between survivors.

Question 20

circulation

Answer 20

شمارگان، گردش، دوران، انتشار، جریان، دوران خون، رواج، پول رایج، تیراژ (روزنامه یا مجله)
- blood circulation
- گردش خون
- the circulation of fresh air in the building
- جریان هوای تازه در ساختمان
- It is hard to stop the circulation of rumors.
- جلوگیری از انتشار شایعات مشکل است.
- What is the circulation of this newspaper?
- تیراژ این روزنامه چقدر است؟
- the total amount of money in circulation
- مبلغ کل پول در گردش
Related topics: Human, Newspapers, printing, publishing, Biology
cir‧cu‧la‧tion /ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃən $ ˌsɜːr-/ ●○○ noun
1 [singular, uncountable] the movement of blood around your body
Exercise improves the circulation.
good/bad circulation
Doctors had to remove her leg because of bad circulation.
2 [uncountable] the exchange of information, money etc from one person to another in a group or society
in/out of circulation
Police believe there are thousands of illegal guns in circulation.
The book was taken out of circulation.
remove/withdraw something from circulation
The Treasury Department plans to remove older coins from circulation and replace them with new ones.
3 [countable usually singular] the average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are usually sold each day, week, month etc
circulation of
The newspaper has a daily circulation of 55,000.
4 [countable, uncountable] the movement of liquid, air etc in a system
Let’s open the windows and get some circulation in here.
5 → in circulation/out of circulation

Question 21

spiral

Answer 21

حلزونی، مارپیچ
(Adjective) (Adverb) [Countable] مارپیچی، مارپیچ، حلزونی، به‌شکل مارپیچ، به‌شکل مارپیچ درآوردن، به‌طور مارپیچ حرکت کردن
Related topics: Shapes, patterns
spi‧ral1 /ˈspaɪərəl $ ˈspaɪr-/ ●○○ noun [countable]
1 a line in the form of a curve that winds around a central point, moving further away from the centre all the time
2 a process, usually a harmful one, in which something gradually but continuously gets worse or better
in/into a spiral
Unemployment rose and the city went into a spiral of decline.
downward/upward spiral
The company is in a downward spiral.
3 → inflationary spiral
—spiral adjective
Examples from the Corpus
spiral
• It has continued on that downward spiral since.
• Self-pity tends to block taking action that will be truly effective in reversing the downward spirals of primary and family diseases.
• Perhaps the most shocking news was that children got hit the hardest in this downward spiral.
• It is difficult to cook the inside spirals because of the filling so this extra time is important.
downward/upward spiral
• After an unfortunate and ill-timed brush with the law, it was almost impossible for Marinello to arrest his downward spiral.
• My theory is we’re going into this horrible downward spiral and Clinton is a poor imitation of Kennedy.
• It has continued on that downward spiral since.
• At that point, however, the still increasing emissions of carbon dioxide will begin the upward spiral once more.
• This has been particularly true of the hi-tech sector, hence the downward spiral in share prices.
• Obviously the past year I somehow got on the downward spiral at work.
• Self-pity tends to block taking action that will be truly effective in reversing the downward spirals of primary and family diseases.
• Perhaps the most shocking news was that children got hit the hardest in this downward spiral.

spiral2 verb (spiralled, spiralling British English, spiraled, spiraling American English) [intransitive]
1 [always + adverb/preposition] to move in a continuous curve that gets nearer to or further from its central point as it goes round
spiral to/around etc
The damaged plane spiralled to the ground.
2 if a situation spirals, it gets worse, more violent etc in a way that cannot be controlled
Crime has spiraled out of control.
3 if debt or the cost of something spirals, it increases quickly in a way that cannot be controlled SYN escalate
—spiralling British English, spiraling American English adjective
the spiralling cost of legal services
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
spiral
• Since the project started five years ago, costs have spiralled.
• At a more complex psychological level, motion that spirals clockwise connects us to the Sun.
• We watched the leaves spiral down from the trees in the cold autumn wind.
• However, Clinton has disregarded the debt ceiling law, allowing the nation to spiral further into debt.
• With inflation spiralling out of control, the country was close to economic collapse.
• Too much was happening that he couldn’t explain, things were spiralling out of his control.
• A black whirlwind, they fill the air with the click of leathery wings as they spiral through the trees.
• Entranced, she watched herself watching them as they spiralled to earth around her.
• Smoke spiralled upward from the chimney.

Question 22

slump

Answer 22

زمین باتلاقی، کاهش فعالیت، رکود، دوره رخوت، افت، ریزش، یکباره پایین آمدن یا افتادن، یکباره فروریختن، سقوط کردن، خمیده شدن
- The ice broke and Ali slumped into the pool.
- یخ شکست و علی افتاد توی حوض.
- he slumped onto the floor and died!
- تلپی افتاد روی کف اتاق و مرد!
- Our sales have slumped badly.
- فروش ما بدجوری افت کرده است.
- a worldwide slump in the sale of computers
- کاهش فروش کامپیوتر در سرتاسر جهان
1 [intransitive] to fall or lean against something because you are not strong enough to stand
slump against/over/back etc
She slumped against the wall.
Carol slumped back in her chair, defeated.
Ben staggered and slumped onto the floor.
2 [intransitive] to suddenly go down in price, value, or number OPP soar
Sales slumped by 20% last year.
slump to
The currency slumped to a record low.
3 [intransitive, transitive] (also be slumped) if your shoulders or head slump or are slumped, they bend forward because you are unhappy, tired, or unconscious
Her shoulders slumped and her eyes filled with tears.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
slump
• Micron fell 2 7 / 8 to 33 and Intel slumped 1 / 4 to 56 5 / 8.
• She slumped back in her seat.
• A young man sat slumped behind the hotel desk, showing little interest in the new arrivals.
• Keeping your arms straight, raise them as high as possible without slumping forwards.
• He slumped further forward, his lips parted and his eyes closed.
• She sits like that, slumped, head covered, in the last seat, for a long time.
• At about 2 a.m. he had fallen downstairs and slumped in a heap by the front door.
• Brad was slumped in front of the television watching the game.
• Semiconductor, software and computer companies slumped in price because of concern that earnings may not be up to snuff.
• The victim was slumped over a freezer where he had been searching for a gas leak.
• Theresa found him slumped over the keyboard.
• As house sales have slumped, so has spending on department-store specialities like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances.
slump against/over/back etc
• The victim was slumped over a freezer where he had been searching for a gas leak.
• He began slumping over again, and his iron ball shrank back to a hand.
• I let go a lungful of air, slumped back against the parapet and lit another Capstan.
• Hilary Robarts had been slumped back in her chair, her eyes fixed on Lessingham.
• He would be only too happy to dial 911 when Walter slumped over in shock, unable to speak.
• I stood in the middle of the dusky field and let Janir slump against my back.
• Blood pressure and lumbago have left these shrimps - pink and puffed as a rowing eight, slumped over their needles.
Related topics: Economics, Sport
slump2 ●○○ noun [countable usually singular]
1 a sudden decrease in prices, sales, profits etc
slump in
a slump in car sales
2 a period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs OPP boom
The war was followed by an economic slump.
a worldwide slump
3 especially American English a period when a player or team does not play well
in a slump
The Dodgers have been in a slump for the last three weeks.
Examples from the Corpus
slump
• The survey also found that the likeliest effect of downsizing is a slump in morale, which can reduce productivity and profits.
• Smith is in the deepest batting slump of his eight-year career.
• The economic slump has dried up the big-ticket multi-billion yen projects that the majors used to thrive on.
• The economic slump was nowhere to be seen, but hairline recession was another thing.
• During the long housing slump, several high-profile crime stories gave skittish buyers one more reason to avoid the Inner Mission.
• One of their major concerns was the slump in wool prices.
• The slump in the property market is making it difficult for people to sell their homes.
• The slump in Intel dragged down other tech stocks.
• The slump in profits has limited the scope for corporation tax offsets but economic recovery should help ease the problem.
• The post-war slump sent the unemployment figures to twice the expected level.

Question 23

austerity

Answer 23

سختی، تروشرویی، ریاضت، سادگی زیاده از حد
- the government’s austerity program
- برنامه‌ی صرفه‌جویی و امساک دولت
Related topics: Economics
aus‧ter‧i‧ty /ɔːˈsterəti, ɒ- $ ɒː-/ noun (plural austerities)
1 [countable usually plural, uncountable] bad economic conditions in which people do not have much money to spend
a time of great austerity after the war
the austerities of post-communist Eastern Europe
2 [uncountable] when a government has a deliberate policy of trying to reduce the amount of money it spends
austerity programme/plan/package
a tough new austerity programme
IMF-backed austerity measures (=reductions in government spending)
3 [uncountable] the quality of being austere
a life of austerity
Examples from the Corpus
austerity
• She renounced the role of tragic widow with an austerity that irritated her would-be saviours.
• The fifth plenum announced austerity measures to tackle the worsening economic situation and called for stronger party leadership and unity.
• Then, on top of the craziness and alleged corruption, populist Bucaram last month announced an economic austerity program.
• Low inflation, competitive pressure and a continued focus on fiscal austerity depress projected raises, Hewitt says.
• The government could afford a slight relaxation of its austerity.
• Although the Benedictine rule imposed specific obligations upon each individual, it was rarely severe to the point of austerity.
• Russians have faced years of austerity after communism’s fall.
• I at once sensed the physical austerity and the quality of social and intellectual superiority characteristic of the best public schools.
• This has the effect of rounding the contours and losing some of the austerity of the unadorned triads.
austerity measures
• The report demonstrated that the 1980s austerity measures had disproportionately affected blue collar workers in comparison with white collar workers.
• The fifth plenum announced austerity measures to tackle the worsening economic situation and called for stronger party leadership and unity.
• Various international bodies warned of the need to impose radical austerity measures without delay if adverse trends were to be reversed.
• Once she took office Ellie instituted stringent austerity measures.
• The hard men at the finance ministry have promised to review the austerity measures at the end of this month.
• The austerity measures affected primarily spending on health, social welfare, defence and overseas development assistance.
• The austerity measures included a freeze on civil service appointments, pay and promotions.
From Longman Business Dictionary
aus‧ter‧i‧ty /ɔːˈsterəti, ɒ-ɒː-/ noun [uncountable]
bad economic conditions in which people do not have much money to spend
her childhood memories of war-time austerity

Question 24

fairness

Answer 24

خوبی، زیبایی، روشنی، صافی، انصاف
fair‧ness /ˈfeərnəs $ ˈfer-/ ●●○ noun [uncountable]
1 the quality of being fair
the basic fairness of the judicial system
2 → in fairness (to somebody)
Examples from the Corpus
fairness
• News reports should be held to a high standard of accuracy and fairness.
• On this view the distinction between the application of the terms natural justice and fairness is linguistic rather than substantive.
• The truth and fairness of an advertising claim can be challenged for a variety of reasons.
• That is the extreme of the idea called justice as fairness.
• But the majority of incumbents are afraid to take the risk on a little fairness.
• The development of fairness within our jurisprudence has not as yet caused us to depart from the adjudicative framework within which we operate.
• If this transpires then the emergence of fairness really will have a substantial effect on the whole area of procedural due process.
• The judge has a record of fairness and non-discrimination.
• There is remarkable consensus on the issue of tax fairness.
• I pay tribute to the fairness of the Home Office in dealing with the cases that have come to my attention.

Question 25

shortage

Answer 25

کسری، کمبود
- water shortage
- کمبود آب
mint1 /mɪnt/ ●●○ noun
1 Image of mint[uncountable] a small plant with green leaves that have a fresh smell and taste and are used in cooking
new potatoes sprinkled with chopped mint
roast lamb with mint sauce
Decorate with a sprig of mint.
2 [countable] a sweet that tastes of peppermint (=a type of mint with a strong fresh taste)
We sat in the back row, sucking mints.
Would you like a mint?
3 → a mint
4 [countable] a place where coins are officially made
coins issued by the Royal Mint
Examples from the Corpus
mint
• Well, pop a mint, our friends, head for the hills, and pick your teeth with a mesquite twig.
• He helps himself to a mint from a fancy glass bowl on the coffee table.
• But he has finally won a mint.
• Pennyroyal, a type of mint, is effective against fleas so attach a few dried pennyroyal leaves to your pet’s collar.
• Eat smaller meals and try soda mints or indigestion tablets.
• Children will have the opportunity to create money for the Storyopolis mint.
sprig of mint
• Chill and serve with ice-cubes and a sprig of mint.
• Decorate with a slice of kiwi and a sprig of mint.
• To serve, spoon the sorbet into the reserved mango skins or in individual glasses and decorate with sprigs of mint.
Related topics: Currencies
mint2 verb [transitive]
to make a coin
Only 2,000 of the special commemorative coins are being minted.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
mint
• A more perfect ski day had not yet been minted.
• He minted coins and his patronage of continental missionary activity is a noticeable feature of his reign.
• a newly minted engineering graduate
• He minted his own silver pieces, and enjoyed music, thinking, inventing, sailing and restoring old houses.
• This indicates that the two denominations were minted in the same part of his reign.
• But sometimes unscrupulous leaders added coins to the money supply by minting new coins that contained less gold and silver.
mint3 adjective
1 → in mint condition
2 British English informal very good

Question 26

mint

Answer 26

ضرابخانه، سکه‌زنی، ضرب سکه، سکه زدن، اختراع کردن،ساختن، جعل کردن، (گیاه‌شناسی) نعناع، شیرینی معطر با نعناع، نو، بکر
- a mint of ideas
- سرچشمه‌ی لایزال عقاید
- This automobile costs a mint.
- قیمت این اتومبیل خیلی زیاد است.
- a postage stamp in mint condition
- تمبر پست بدون هیچ‌گونه خدشه
- Here they mint silver into coins.
- در اینجا نقره را تبدیل به سکه می‌کنند.
- to mint copper coinage
- سکه‌ی مسی ضرب‌کردن
1 Image of mint[uncountable] a small plant with green leaves that have a fresh smell and taste and are used in cooking
new potatoes sprinkled with chopped mint
roast lamb with mint sauce
Decorate with a sprig of mint.
2 [countable] a sweet that tastes of peppermint (=a type of mint with a strong fresh taste)
We sat in the back row, sucking mints.
Would you like a mint?
3 → a mint
4 [countable] a place where coins are officially made
coins issued by the Royal Mint
Examples from the Corpus
mint
• Well, pop a mint, our friends, head for the hills, and pick your teeth with a mesquite twig.
• He helps himself to a mint from a fancy glass bowl on the coffee table.
• But he has finally won a mint.
• Pennyroyal, a type of mint, is effective against fleas so attach a few dried pennyroyal leaves to your pet’s collar.
• Eat smaller meals and try soda mints or indigestion tablets.
• Children will have the opportunity to create money for the Storyopolis mint.
sprig of mint
• Chill and serve with ice-cubes and a sprig of mint.
• Decorate with a slice of kiwi and a sprig of mint.
• To serve, spoon the sorbet into the reserved mango skins or in individual glasses and decorate with sprigs of mint.
Related topics: Currencies
mint2 verb [transitive]
to make a coin
Only 2,000 of the special commemorative coins are being minted.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
mint
• A more perfect ski day had not yet been minted.
• He minted coins and his patronage of continental missionary activity is a noticeable feature of his reign.
• a newly minted engineering graduate
• He minted his own silver pieces, and enjoyed music, thinking, inventing, sailing and restoring old houses.
• This indicates that the two denominations were minted in the same part of his reign.
• But sometimes unscrupulous leaders added coins to the money supply by minting new coins that contained less gold and silver.
mint3 adjective
1 → in mint condition
2 British English informal very good
From Longman Business Dictionary
mint1 /mɪnt/ noun [countable]
1
the Royal Mint
2a mint informal a very large amount of money
When she eventually sold the business she made a mint.
As the major shareholder he must be worth a mint.
mint2 verb [transitive]
to manufacture coins
the right of a country to mint its own coins
→ See Verb table
Origin mint1 1. Old English minte, from Latin mentha; → MENTHOL2. Old English mynet “coin, money”, from Latin moneta; → MONEY

Question 27

statutory

Answer 27

طبق قانون موضوعه، قانونی، مقرر، طبق قانون
- statutory age limits
- محدودیت‌های سنی از نظر قانون
- statutory laws
- قوانین کیفری
Related topics: Law
stat‧u‧to‧ry /ˈstætʃətəri $ -tɔːri/ ●○○ adjective
fixed or controlled by law SYN mandatory
statutory employment rights
She’s below the statutory age for school attendance.
—statutorily adverb
Examples from the Corpus
statutory
• The point is a short one of statutory construction which appears to be free from authority.
• Local authorities have a statutory duty to house homeless families.
• The statutory fine for this offence is $250.
• A code of practice is not legally enforceable, like a statutory instrument, for example.
• Mr. Allen One is tempted to ask why the statutory instrument is needed.
• Simply implementing the Directive by means of a statutory instrument would result in yet another regime relating solely to consumer contracts.
• Officers have a statutory obligation to report any crime committed by a government employee.
• Section 26 repeals a number of existing statutory provisions which allowed summary arrest.
• There would have been no more than the statutory redundancies.
• So there aren’t a great many local statutory reporting requirements to meet.
• statutory requirements for clinical laboratories
• When you buy something, you have certain statutory rights as a consumer.
• The House will know that the Government thought long and hard about their decision to retain the statutory training board.
From Longman Business Dictionary
stat‧u‧to‧ry /ˈstætʃətəri-tɔːri/ adjective
fixed or controlled by law
Some trustees have special statutory powers of investment.
This statement does not affect the statutory rights of the consumer.
—statutorily adverb
a statutorily prescribed procedure

Question 28

collapse

Answer 28

Related topics: Illness & disability
col‧lapse1 /kəˈlæps/ ●●○ S3 AWL verb
1 STRUCTURE [intransitive] if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged
Uncle Ted’s chair collapsed under his weight.
The roof had collapsed long ago.
► see thesaurus at fall
2 ILLNESS/INJURY [intransitive] to suddenly fall down or become unconscious because you are ill or weak
He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing.
Marion’s legs collapsed under her.
3 FAIL [intransitive] if a system, idea, or organization collapses, it suddenly fails or becomes too weak to continue
The luxury car market has collapsed.
I thought that without me the whole project would collapse.
4 PRICES [intransitive] if prices, levels etc collapse, they suddenly become much lower
There were fears that property prices would collapse.
5 SIT/LIE [intransitive] to suddenly sit down, especially because you are very tired or want to relax
I was so exhausted when I got home, I just collapsed on the sofa.
6 FOLD SOMETHING SMALLER [intransitive, transitive] if a piece of furniture or equipment collapses, or if you collapse it, you can fold it so that it becomes smaller → collapsible
The legs on our card table collapse so we can store it in the closet.
7 MEDICAL [intransitive] if a lung or a blood vessel collapses, it suddenly becomes flat, so that it no longer has any air or blood in it
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
collapse
• The building was badly damaged in the explosion, and rescue workers are worried that it may collapse.
• His courage never faltered, but his health collapsed.
• The external guarantees that formerly enabled the Vaudois to survive had largely collapsed.
• We got up and ran about 50 yards, and I collapsed.
• Come quickly, one of the passengers has collapsed.
• Minutes later the second tower collapsed.
• When the suit collapsed Aitken was charged with perjury, for which he served a seven-month jail term.
• After half a dozen glasses of whisky he collapsed and could not be revived.
• Part of the floor collapsed as a result of water damage.
• The U.S. auto industry nearly collapsed due to increased foreign competition.
• One of the horses collapsed from exhaustion after the race.
• She finally took a break and collapsed in a chair.
• A battle between the traders and the corporate financiers caused the firm to collapse in early 1984.
• Our tent collapsed in the middle of the night.
• Milligan collapsed into a chair, sighing deeply.
• Please try not to upset or destroy this finely balanced mechanism or the building blocks will collapse like a row of dominoes.
• Cohen was hospitalized after he collapsed on the floor and briefly lost consciousness.
• When folded in this way, the map collapses to pocket size.
• But his move to Old Trafford collapsed when the club medical revealed a knee problem.
• The crest of his life collapsed with the Hotsy shooting.
collapse2 ●●○ AWL noun
1 BUSINESS/SYSTEM/IDEA ETC [singular, uncountable] a sudden failure in the way something works, so that it cannot continue
collapse of
the collapse of the Soviet Union
the threat of economic collapse
His business was in danger of collapse.
2 BUILDING/STRUCTURE/FURNITURE ETC [uncountable] when something suddenly falls down
the collapse of an apartment building during the earthquake
The ancient abbey was in imminent danger of collapse.
3 ILLNESS/INJURY [singular, uncountable] when someone suddenly falls down or becomes unconscious because of an illness or injury
The president said he was fine after his collapse yesterday.
She suffered a collapse under anaesthetic.
4 MONEY/PRICES ETC [singular] a sudden decrease in the value of something
the collapse of the stock market
collapse in
a collapse in the value of pensions
فرو ریختن، متلاشی شدن، دچار سقوط و اضمحلال شدن
- The roof collapsed.
- طاق فرو ریخت.
- Their marriage collapsed.
- ازدواج آن‌ها در هم پاشید.
- The enemy’s defense collapsed.
- دفاع دشمن درهم شکسته شد.
- My hopes collapsed.
- آرزوهایم نقش بر آب شد.
(Verb - intransitive) غش کردن، بی‌حال شدن، از حال رفتن
- As soon as she collapsed we rushed her to a hospital.
- به مجرد از حال رفتن او را به بیمارستان رساندیم.
- Upon seeing the corpse she collapsed.
- تا جسد را دید غش کرد.
- I seem to collapse around.
- اصلاً نا ندارم.
مشاهده نمونه جمله بیشتر
(Noun) [Countable] فروپاشی، سقوط، اضمحلال
- the collapse of the two countries’ alliance
- درهم‌پاشی اتحاد آن دو کشور
- the collapse of the stock market
- سقوط بازار سهام

Question 29

laissez-faire

Answer 29

عدم مداخله، سیاست عدم مداخله دولت در امور اقتصادی، سیاست اقتصاد آزاد، بی‌بند‌وبار
lais‧sez-faire, laisser-faire /ˌleseɪ ˈfeə, ˌleɪ- $ -ˈfer/ noun [uncountable]
1 the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop without any state control or influence
the policy of laissez-faire
laissez-faire economics/capitalism
2 → laissez-faire attitude/approach etc
Examples from the Corpus
laissez-faire
• laissez-faire policies
laissez-faire economics/capitalism
• The development of Docklands is anything but laissez-faire economics.
• They were non-religious, anti-socialist and supported laissez-faire economics.
From Longman Business Dictionary
lais‧sez-faire /ˌleseɪ ˈfeə, ˌleɪ–ˈfer/ (also laisser-faire) noun [uncountable]
the idea that governments should do as little to the economy as possible and allow private business to develop without the state controlling or influencing it
a balance between laissez-faire and old style statism
The computer industry is almost entirely unregulated, governed only by the Darwinian laws of laissez-faire economics.
Origin laissez-faire (1800-1900) French “allow to do”

Question 30

entitlement

Answer 30

حق، شایستگی، هده، سزیدگی
- entitlement to a leave and free travel
- حق مرخصی و سفر مجانی
(Noun) (آنچه که شخص نسبت به آن حق دارد به‌ویژه مزایایی که دولت یا کارفرما ارزانی می‌دارد) مورد استحقاق، مورد سزیدگی، مستمری، مقرری، اعتبار (پرداختی توسط دولت)
- Entitlements for local schools came to $30 million.
- اعتبارات پرداختی به مدارس محلی به سی میلیون دلار بالغ شد.
Related topics: Welfare
en‧ti‧tle‧ment /ɪnˈtaɪtlmənt/ ●○○ noun [countable, uncountable]
the official right to have or do something, or the amount that you have a right to receive
entitlement to
Do you need advice on your entitlement to state benefits?
benefit/holiday/pension etc entitlement
The paid holiday entitlement is 25 days.
Examples from the Corpus
entitlement
• And so, for the first time, a federal entitlement has been rescinded.
• Holiday entitlements for temporary workers are less than for permanent staff.
• Thanks to pay-for-knowledge, Joe has recouped more than he lost as a result of the end of entitlement.
• The end of entitlement is perhaps best demonstrated by the introduction of the Social Fund in the social security reforms of 1988.
• The influence of the notion of entitlement when applied to the curriculum is, as we have seen, attractive.
• It is the attitude, the sense of entitlement that allows for relaxing maternal management.
• Not even Jack Kemp could credibly explain how the Dole plan would work without tapping entitlements like Medicare or busting the budget.
• The patients charter sets out clearly the entitlement of a patient and the standard we seek to set for ambulance services.
• Many people are still not aware of the entitlements they may be able to receive.
• What was once an economically viable privilege becomes an economically unviable entitlement.
• The amount of money you earn does not affect your entitlement to child benefit for your children.
entitlement to
• People’s entitlement to compensation may be affected by state and local laws.

Question 31

glut

Answer 31

پر کردن، اشبا کردن، پر خوردن
(Noun) (Verb - transitive) (Adverb) پرخوری، پری، عرضه بیش از تقاضا، (پزشکی) زیادی خون، اشباع، پاره آجر، سیر کردن، اشباع کردن، با حرص و ولع خوردن
- The Japanese glutted the market with cheap watches.
- ژاپنی‌ها بازار را با عرضه‌ی ساعت‌های ارزان اشباع کردند.

Question 32

imbalance

Answer 32

im‧bal‧ance /ɪmˈbæləns/ ●○○ noun [countable, uncountable]
a lack of a fair or correct balance between two things, which results in problems or unfairness SYN inequality
imbalance in
The government must redress the imbalance (=put it right) in spending on black and white children.
imbalance between
the current imbalance between farming and conservation interests
a hormonal imbalance
—imbalanced adjective
Many pupils follow an imbalanced curriculum.
عدم تعادل، عدم توازن، ناهماهنگی
- the imbalance between imports and exports
- عدم توازن بین صادرات و واردات

Question 33

negligence

Answer 33

قصور، اهمال، فراموش‌کاری، غفلت، فروگذاشت
- The accident was caused by the driver’s negligence.
- تصادف به‌خاطر بی‌دقتی راننده بود.
- negligence in the performance of duties
- فروگذاری در انجام وظایف
neg‧li‧gence /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/ noun [uncountable]
failure to take enough care over something that you are responsible for
negligence in carrying out safety procedures
The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.
Examples from the Corpus
negligence
• For such happy negligence a price was paid, and especially by pupils from less-favoured backgrounds.
• In addition, he was ordered to pay large sums of money to the government as compensation for his negligence.
• There is also an arbitration scheme under which many negligence claims are settled.
• The second approach is that breach of the statute provides only primafacie evidence of negligence.
• The jury found Dr. Cornwell guilty of negligence.
• Dr. Atkins was found guilty of negligence and practising medicine without a license.
• There is no need to prove negligence on the part of anyone.
• He fell down a ladder as a result of the defendant’s negligence and cut his leg.
• You can claim compensation if your injury is a result of your employer’s negligence.
From Longman Business Dictionary
neg‧li‧gence /ˈneglɪdʒəns/ noun [uncountable]
failure to take enough care over something that you are responsible for, for which you may have to pay damages
The captain of the ship was accused of negligence in carrying out safety procedures.
The jury found the company guilty of gross (=very serious) negligence and awarded the dead man’s family $10 million.
→ contributory negligence

Question 34

obligation

Answer 34

لتزام، محظور، وظیفه
- the obligations of parents
- وظایف والدین
- This job involved many obligations.
- این شغل الزامات فراوانی را ایجاب می‌کرد.
- Their repeated assistance filled me with a sense of obligation.
- کمک‌های مکرر آن‌ها مرا قرین منت کرد.
- under an obligation
- مشغول ذمه
- clearance from obligation
- برائت ذمه، فارغ از انجام تعهد
ob‧li‧ga‧tion /ˌɒbləˈɡeɪʃən $ ˌɑːb-/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable, uncountable]
a moral or legal duty to do something
obligation to
America’s obligation to its allies
Employers have an obligation to treat all employees equally.
Parents are under a legal obligation to educate their children.
You are under no obligation to buy any more books.
Greater resources are needed to meet these obligations.
the rights and obligations imposed on them by treaties
The government must pay for health care for war veterans – it is an obligation we owe to them.
a moral obligation to help the poor
He stayed with the team out of a sense of obligation.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have an obligation
Citizens have an obligation to obey the law.
feel an obligation
When his mother died, he felt an obligation to continue her work.
meet/fulfil/honour an obligation (=do something that you have a duty to do )
The company has been unable to meet its financial obligations.
All member states must fulfil their obligations according to the EC treaty.
The government failed to honour its obligations under the terms of the agreement.
impose an obligation formal (=put someone in the position of having an obligation)
A contract imposes certain obligations on employees and employers.
owe an obligation to somebody formal (=have an obligation to support, help etc someone)
He owed an obligation of loyalty to his king.
an obligation arises formal (=starts to exist)
the obligations arising out of the treaty
PHRASES
be under an obligation (=have an obligation)
The landlord is under an obligation to repair the house.
be under no obligation
An accused man is under no obligation to say anything.
a sense of obligation
the sense of obligation that you feel towards your family
ADJECTIVES
a moral/legal/social obligation
We have a moral obligation to take care of our environment.
a statutory obligation formal (=something that the law says must be done)
The Local Authority has a statutory obligation to provide education.
a contractual obligation (=something that a contract says you must do)
The company must refund your money in line with their contractual obligations.
a binding obligation (=something that you must legally do, especially because of an agreement)
These clauses are legally binding obligations on both parties.
Examples from the Corpus

Question 35

opportunity

Answer 35

فرصت، مجال
- The richness of the soil offered unlimited opportunities for agricultural activity.
- غنی‌بودن خاک فرصت‌های نامحدودی را برای فعالیت کشاورزی به‌وجود می‌آورد.
- if the opportunity arises
- اگر مجال باشد
- a golden opportunity
- فرصت طلایی
op‧por‧tu‧ni‧ty /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti $ ˌɑːpərˈtuː-/ ●●● S1 W1 noun (plural opportunities)
1 [countable, uncountable] a chance to do something or an occasion when it is easy for you to do something
opportunity to do something
a rare opportunity to see inside this historic building
I’d like to take this opportunity to thank you all.
opportunity for
Games and songs provide an opportunity for classroom interaction.
2 [countable] a chance to get a job or improve your situation at work
There are fewer opportunities for new graduates this year.
→ equal opportunities1(2)
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have opportunity
I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to travel.
take/use opportunity (=do something you have a chance to do)
Several employees took the opportunity to retire early.
seize/grasp an opportunity (=do something very eagerly when you have the chance)
She saw an opportunity to speak to him, and seized it.
miss/lose an opportunity (=not do something you have a chance to do)
Dwyer never missed an opportunity to criticize her.
give somebody opportunity
The children should be given the opportunity to make their own choices.
get an opportunity
I decided to go, as I might never get this opportunity again.
provide/present/open up an opportunity
The course also provides an opportunity to study Japanese.
an opportunity comes (along/up)
We had outgrown our house when the opportunity came up to buy one with more land.
an opportunity arises
Perhaps she would explain later, if the opportunity arose.
ADJECTIVES
a good/great/wonderful etc opportunity
It’s a great opportunity to try new things.
the ideal/perfect opportunity
I’d been wanting to try sailing, and this seemed like the ideal opportunity.
a golden opportunity (=a very good opportunity)
The council has missed a golden opportunity to improve the town centre.
a rare/unique opportunity
a unique opportunity to stay in a real castle
a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity (=a very good opportunity that you will only get once)
For many athletes, the Olympics are a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
a wasted/lost/missed opportunity (=one you do not use)
Many people see the failed talks as a missed opportunity for peace.
ample opportunity/plenty of opportunity (=a number of chances to do something)
There will be ample opportunity for shopping.
limited/little opportunity (=not many chances)
They had little opportunity to discuss the issue beforehand.
NOUNS
a photo opportunity (=a chance to take a good photograph, especially of a particular person)
Parents will always look for good photo opportunities at their kid’s graduation ceremony.
PHRASES
at the first/earliest opportunity (=as soon as possible)
He decided to leave school at the earliest opportunity.
at every (possible) opportunity (=whenever possible)
She went to the museum at every opportunity.
a window of opportunity (=a time when you can do something)
The other team started making mistakes, but we didn’t take advantage of this window of opportunity.
a land of opportunity (=a country where people have a lot of good opportunities)
America was then seen as a land of opportunity.
the opportunity of a lifetime (=a very good opportunity that you will only get once)
The winner of the contest got the opportunity of a lifetime – the chance to work with a top fashion designer.

Question 36

panic

Answer 36

مضطرب، نگران، وحشت‌زده، عجولانه
- a panic retreat
- عقب‌نشینی عجولانه
- panic selling
- فروش عجولانه
(Noun) [Countable] وحشت، اضطراب، ترس ناگهانی، دهشت، هراس
- to throw into a panic
- وحشت‌زده کردن
- When the police ordered the car to stop, the driver got into a panic.
- وقتی که پلیس دستور توقف اتومبیل را داد راننده دستپاچه شد.
- Panic spread on the stock market.
- ترس و نگرانی بورس سهام را فرا گرفت.
(Verb - transitive) وحشت‌زده کردن، در بیم و هراس انداختن
(Verb - intransitive) نگران شدن، مضطرب شدن
- Don’t panic, your father is improving.
- سراسیمه نشو! (حال) پدرت رو به بهبودی است.
- The crowd panicked with the sound of explosion.
- در اثر سر و صدای انفجار مردم وحشت‌زده شدند.
1 [countable usually singular, uncountable] a sudden strong feeling of fear or nervousness that makes you unable to think clearly or behave sensibly
in (a) panic
The children fled in panic.
a feeling of sheer panic (=complete panic)
She got into a panic when she couldn’t find the tickets.
The whole nation is in a state of panic following the attacks.
She suffers from terrible panic attacks.
► see thesaurus at fear
2 [countable usually singular, uncountable] a situation in which people are suddenly made very anxious, and make quick decisions without thinking carefully
panic over/about
the recent panic over the safety of baby milk
panic buying/selling
a wave of panic selling in Hong Kong
3 [singular] especially British English a situation in which you have a lot to do and not much time to do it in → rush
the usual last minute panic just before the deadline
4 → panic stations
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
there was (a) panic
When the shooting started, there was panic.
cause panic
The earthquake caused widespread panic.
feel panic
He felt a mild panic.
get into a panic
There’s no need to get into a panic.
throw/send somebody into a panic
The innocent question threw her into a panic.
panic breaks out (=starts among a group of people)
Suddenly, everything went dark and panic broke out.
panic sets in (=starts)
Before panic could set in, she realised that the clock was fast.
panic ensues formal (=happens after something else happens)
Panic ensued as people ran out of the burning building.
panic rises within somebody (=someone starts to feel panic)
She felt panic rising within her.
panic spreads (=starts to affect more people in more places)
Panic spread as news of the invasion reached Paris.
ADJECTIVES
a big/huge panic
There was a big panic about the virus last year.
growing/mounting/rising panic (=increasing panic)
She quickly packed a bag, trying all the time to control her mounting panic.
total/sheer panic
A wave of total panic swept across her.
blind panic (=a very strong feeling of fear)
He ran to the library in blind panic.
sudden panic
Florrie exclaimed in sudden panic: ‘I’ve left my bag on the bus!’
mild panic (=a slight feeling of panic)
There was a note of mild panic in her voice.
momentary panic (=panic that does not last long)
Her momentary panic faded.
PHRASES
a state of panic
She was in a constant state of panic that he would carry out his threat.
a sense/feeling of panic
She looked out to sea with a rising sense of panic.
a wave/surge of panic (=a feeling of panic that you suddenly have)
A sudden wave of panic overcame him.
a panic attack
He had had a panic attack in the street.

Question 37

Treasury

Answer 37

خزانه‌داری، گنجینه، گنج، خزانه
- The ancient cross is kept in the church’s treasury.
- صلیب قدیمی در گنجینه‌ی کلیسا نگهداری می‌شود.
- the jewels and gold bars of Bank Melli treasury
- جواهرات و طلاهای خزانه‌ی بانک ملی
- treasury bills
- اسناد خزانه‌ی کوتاه مدت
- treasury bonds
- اسناد خزانه‌ی دراز‌مدت
- treasury notes
- اسناد خزانه‌ی میان‌مدت
- a treasury of modern English verse
- گلچین شعر نو انگلیسی
Related topics: Buildings
trea‧su‧ry /ˈtreʒəri/ noun (plural treasuries)
1 → the Treasury (Department)
2 [countable] a place in a castle, church, palace etc where money or valuable objects are kept
Examples from the Corpus
treasury
• All that money diverted from the city treasury predictably left Neza near bankruptcy.
• Also in the crypt is the Duomo treasury, a pay-to-enter collection that is closed for a long period at lunch.
• His army, again, depends on his treasury.
• When Ivan the Terrible felt himself drawing near to death, we are told, he would have himself carried up to his treasury.
• There is a 10% regime for offshore headquarters functions, including treasury management.
• Workers can contribute via payroll deduction to the stock, bond or treasury funds.
• The ethical basis for extending effective property rights in the public treasury to officials is overlooked in the Niskanen-type thesis.
• Did he want to go to a policy meeting with bankers, the president and secretary of the treasury?
From Longman Business Dictionary
Treas‧ur‧y /ˈtrezəri/ noun
the Treasury the government department in charge of the money that a country collects in taxes and from borrowing, and the money that it spends

Question 38

dumping

Answer 38

بازارشکنی، فروش زیر قیمت تمام شده، قیمت‌شکنی، دامپینگ
رجوع شود به: dump
the act of getting rid of dangerous waste material in a place that is not safe
The government has promised to stop dumping by the state-owned chemical plants.
Examples from the Corpus
dumping
• The agreement included the arrangement that a local resident should supervise and inspect all dumping operations.
• Yet, Greene is emphatic that if there is any illegal dumping, it is negligible.
• These results took no account of illegal dumping.

Question 39

foreign trade

Answer 39

foreign ˈtrade [uncountable]
trade with other countries
China’s expanding foreign trade.