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HofMed165 > Wonder Drugs and LSD part 1 > Flashcards

Wonder Drugs and LSD part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the 1928 Penicillin thought of as?

A

magic bullet

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2
Q

Which was the first described drug categorically to reduct the spread and outbreak of disease that was not disease specific?

A

penicillin

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3
Q

What was there a search for drug wise?

A

search for some kind of substance to relieve pain

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4
Q

How did the world wars stimulate research? (3 reasons)

A
  • ‘shell shock’
  • screening before service and demand for services following the war
  • Nazi experiments regarded as unethical, but produced a lot of scientific intrigue
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5
Q

What did the search for ‘magic bullet’ lead to the study of?

A

chemicals

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6
Q

The search for ‘magic bullet’ led to the study of chemicals in what 4 areas?

A
  • rise of bacteriology, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, etc.
  • drug experimentation
  • clinical and patient experimentation
  • tranquilizers
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7
Q

How did people in asylums pay back the state?

A

by contributing their bodies to experimentation

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8
Q

When placing people in asylums begun to be viewed as less acceptable, and medical science is defined as something that should be able to determine causes and cures, a number of societies were set up to do what? What are three examples of these things?

A
  • financial incentives for studying disorders
  • a number of societies are set up to further this cause and provide financial resources for studies of mental disorders
  • Ex. National Institute of Mental Health Research, Canadian Mental Health Association, Rockefeller grants
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9
Q

What did the globalization of experiments require?

A

money

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10
Q

After penicillin, what was the next magic bullet?

A

Chlorpromazine

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11
Q

Who discovered Chlorpromazine?

A

Henri Laborit

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12
Q

Who is Henri Laborit?

A

A French surgeon during WWII. He worked with antihistamines and found sedative properties.

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13
Q

What is chlorpromazine used for?

A
  • anti-psychotic medication
  • way to calm people down
  • sedative
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14
Q

What did Henri Laborit do after he discovered chlorpromazine? What did this lead to?

A

published it which lead to psychiatrists reading it and beginning to use it on psychotic patients and it reduced their symptoms.

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15
Q

What did Laborit synthesis chlorpromazine with?

A

Rhone-poulenc

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16
Q

What did Laborit try chlorpromazine on in 1951? Results? What did he do in 1952?

A
  • In 1951 he tried it on a a female colleague (who promptly fainted)
  • In 1952, he persuaded three psychiatrists to give it to their patients
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17
Q

By 1953, chlorpromazine had done what to French psychiatry?

A

transformed it

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18
Q

What is known as the first ‘anti-psychotic’?

A

chlorpromazine

19
Q

What was wrong with chlorpromazine?

A

Some patients began exhibiting side affects such as tar dive dyskinesia

20
Q

What did people believe chlorpromazine could do?

A

allow people to live outside of the asylum

21
Q

What encouraged further experimentation with chemicals?

A

the success of chlorpromazine

22
Q

What inspired a psychopharmacological revolution?

A

chlorpromazine

23
Q

Why is chlorpromazine important?

A

because it helped convince scientific community that there were chemicals to change behaviour.
-inspires idea that you could have a drug culture that would allow people more autonomy

24
Q

What formed thesis of a ‘psychopharm revolution’?

A

Discoveries of anti-psychotics (chlorpromazine), anti-mania (lithium), and anti-depressants (imipramine)

25
Q

When were more psychopharmaceuticals introduced then ever before or after?

A

The 1950s

26
Q

What did the move away from therapies to drugs in the 1950s allow?

A
  • Allow you to stay in your own home

- Modern living and health care

27
Q

Pharmaceutical drug use
1965 amphetamines in the US, __million prescriptions
Tranquillizers___million prescriptions (midtown, valium)
___million American women on ‘the pill’ in 1965

A
  • 24
  • 123
  • 6.5
28
Q

What is unique about tranquillizers?

A

The were not used by people in asylums but by people in their own homes

29
Q

People embraced chemicals as a way of what?

A

progressive modern living

30
Q

When and who discovered LSD?

A

Albert Hofmann in 1938

31
Q

Who is Albert Hofmann? Where is he from?

A
  • organic chemist

- Zurich, Switzerland

32
Q

What kind of experimentation did Hofmann do?

A

-Self-experimentation, insects, animals

33
Q

How did Albert Hoffman discover LSD?

A
  • Looking at Ergot
  • Vile 25
  • broke it and it spilled on his hand, feels dizzy, nauseous, got on bike, felt like he was in a kaleidoscope, like he’s turned himself mad, fine the next day, “we should try it again”
34
Q

How many years of medical research with LSD? Who all contributed? What countries?

A
  • 15 years (1951-1966)
  • psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, scientists, writers, philosophers
  • Europe, England, Canada, USA, Japan
35
Q

What did Hofmann’s discovery of LSD generate?

A

A powerful wave of interest in brain chemistry and, together with the development of tranquilizers, was directly responsible for what has been called the “golden age of psychopharmacology”

36
Q

Which province was one of the major players in psychedelic research?

A

Saskatchewan

37
Q

Who was Humphry Osmond and why was he important?

A
  • British psychiatrist
  • Answered ad by Tommy Douglas
  • He helped enhance the medicare program
  • 1952 experiments in Saskatchewan
  • Interested in kinds of delusions that people were having
38
Q

What did Osmond concentrate on?

A

the subjective experience

39
Q

What were the two ways to use the psychedelic drugs?

A

1) to use it to understand schizophrenia

2) to treat alcoholism

40
Q

Who is Aldous Huxley and why is he important?

A
  • Osmand gets letter to Huxley
  • Invites Osmond to give him mescaline and LSK
  • Inspired him to write book
  • He wanted a word to describe sensations
  • He came up with psychadelic
41
Q

What are the origins of the word “psychedelic” therapy?

A

-Greek: ‘psyche’ mind and ‘delos’ meaning clarity; mind-manifesting

42
Q

What does psychedelic therapy suggest?

A

That psychotic disorders are not really a dysfunction in the perception of reality, but rather a disturbance in perception more generally.

43
Q

What was was the impact of LSK research on psychiatry?

A
  • combine bio-chemical research with psychological theories
  • auto-experimentation (empathy)
  • model psychosis
  • addictions research

HofMed165 (21 decks)

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