Lecture 7: The Rise of Medical Education Flashcards
In which century was there finally a formal medical profession?
18th
Prior to the 18th century, was formal education required to practice medicine?
no
What was the standard education for those who practiced medicine prior to the 18th century?
Guild education, apprenticeships
Was there organization of similar practices prior to the 18th century?
no
Was there common renumeration prior to the 18th century (common wage)?
no
fees differed from one practitioner to the next
How was the practice of medicine organized prior to the 18th century?
Organization and regulation was local
What types of groups of practitioners performed medical operations before the profession was recognized?
midwives, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, surgeon-apothecaries
What was the criteria for a barber-surgeon?
fast and strong because there was no pain medication.
What were some of the things that barber-surgeons did?
- tooth extraction
- bleeding
- purging
- provided alcohol
How are barber-surgeons interpreted today?
as heroic and illiterate
What was the barber-surgeon compact considered suitable for?
-considered suitable for teeth and amputations
Was a barber-surgeon high or low class wordK
low class
What did barber-surgeons create to keep others out of the practice who were not as qualified?
they made guilds
Why were barber-surgeons threatened? (who were they threatened by?)
At the same time barber-surgeons made guilds, we start to see physicians being trained and they felt threatened.
Explain the professionalization of the barber-surgeon (guilds)? For example, what did they want, what did they control, what standards did they set?
Guilds expanded in membership, though remained largely urban.
- gained legal recognition
- controll apprenticeships, examinations
- set standards for licensing and practice for various healers
- move towards exclusive control over practice
How did most barber-surgeons develop skills?
through apprenticeships
Which group of people, were excluded from practicing medicine and why? What was the exception?
women, except midwives
partly due to their exclusion from university
Where were there a few female surgical guilds? What did this invite?
- France
- Scrutiny and legal action from male guilds
Where was there a rise in academic medicine especially?
a centres-Salerno (Italy) and Montpellier (France)
What was the rise in medical education due to?
Enlightenment
What practice became central to medical training?
anatomy
What did universities evaluate programs based on?
their inclusion of anatomy
- helped legitimize universities
- universities without anatomy were of a lower standing
What was the creation of medical ‘expertise’? (4 things)?
- jargon
- authority
- restrictions
- medical texts (standardized medical practice)
When did medicine in the university begin?
beginning in the 17th and building into the 19th century
Universities increasingly added medicine to their curricula, for what three groups?
physicians, surgeons, and apprentices
What did top schools focus on alongside clinical training?
medical sciences (anatomy,chemistry, botany).