Lecture 6: The Rise of the Hospital Flashcards

1
Q

Early hospitals were often what sorts of institutions?

A

religious or charity

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2
Q

In the 1700s, hospitals were on the___of medical care in Europe.

A

periphery

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3
Q

What did hospitals begin to gradually assume in health care?

A

central role

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4
Q

What were charity hospitals viewed as?

A

a place of last resort

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5
Q

What did the charity hospital initially rely on?

A

philanthropic donations

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6
Q

How was the charity hospitals run?

A

privately or through religious orders

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7
Q

Who did charity hospitals cater to? Why?

A

people with work-related injuries because it was a state interest (needed people to work)

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8
Q

What were the 6 types of health care institutions?

A

1) penitentiaries
2) asylums
3) charity hospitals
4) workhouse (infirmaries)
5) military hospitals
6) cottage hospitals

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9
Q

What were workhouse infirmaries?

A

work for welfare –> doctors supplied to keep people healthy so that they could keep working

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10
Q

Did military hospitals have better or worse access to healthcare?

A

better, not necessarily better medicine

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11
Q

Who were cottage hospitals for?

A

the elite and wealthy

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12
Q

What were 5 types of specialized hospitals/infirmaries?

A

1) smallpox hospitals
2) venereal disease hospitals
3) lying-in hospitals (maternity)
4) general hospitals
5) asylums/mental disease hospitals

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13
Q

How did you gain admission to a charity hospital?

A
  • Parish (talked to priest first, recommended you to the governor)
  • Governor (plead that you were worth of their money to be healed)
  • Benefactors (someone to vouch for you [your honour])
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14
Q

What did admission to a charity hospital depend on?

A

destitution, working poor, type of illness

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15
Q

What did you need to practice to be admitted into a charity hospital?

A

humility

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16
Q

What would a governor or parish priest assess and consider when looking at your case?

A
  • assess character

- consider disease

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17
Q

What percent of hospital admissions were for ‘pos’ (syphilis)?

A

20%

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18
Q

You had to___yourself to gain access to charity hospital.

A

humble

19
Q
The rise of the charity hospital:
Place of Last resort
Patients would try to\_\_\_
Risk of\_\_\_
Medical\_\_\_
A
  • escape
  • contagion
  • experimentation
20
Q

Once accepted into hospital, did you have full control over your body anymore?

A

People would submit bodies to the institution, it may have been a condition of acceptance into hospital.

21
Q

What would the majority of patients with means support?

A

private practitioners

22
Q

What wer military hospitals subject to?

A

discipline that exceeded the civilian experiences

23
Q

Describe the hospital as an institution.

A
  • dominate the landscape
  • use of resources
  • proof that government is strong and powerful
  • beacon of order –> imposting
24
Q

Why’d the state increasingly take an interest in institution riding?

A

As a symptom of the health of the states

25
Q

What was often the result of institution building culturally and physically (what type of culture developed iow)?

A

these imposting structures with their own sub-cultures

26
Q

What did the State taking a role in building things like hospitals, universities, and jails prove?

A

Proof of state trying to prove power and control.

27
Q

What was the fact that the State repeated the same architecture style with institutions off all kinds proof of?

A

civilization

28
Q

What did medical education become tied to?

A

Hospitals

29
Q

What were some aspects of medical education that tied it to hospitals?

A
  • bedside earning
  • experience
  • empirical observation of patients’ signs and symptoms
30
Q

Hospitals slowly move to the___of the healthcare system and become part of the__state.

A
  • center

- welfare

31
Q

What did the state see healthcare as a part of its role in providing? What did this lead to states trying to do in regards to hospitals?

A
  • role in providing a welfare state

- clean up their image

32
Q

As hospitals slowly became the centre of the healthcare system, what ideas shifted?

A

shifting ideas about what it means to be healthy

33
Q

Increasingly, hospitals became a place to house new___.

A

technologies

34
Q

What did the fact that hospitals could house new technologies mean?

A

That you don’t just have to rely on what you can carry to a patients house.

35
Q

Hospital populations provided a captive (and often welcoming) set of subjects for what purpose?

A

introducing new theories or instruments

36
Q

Hospitals became places of___.

A

observation

37
Q

What are some of the early 19th century technologies that became associated with hospital medicine? (5)

A
  • autopsies
  • stethoscope
  • endoscopes
  • x-ray
  • laboratories (bacteriology, chemistry, pathology, etc.)
38
Q

What were hospital wards segregated by? What kind of class environment did they remain?

A
Segregated wards by gender, disease, and paying and non-paying. 
-remained a lower-working class environment
39
Q

Why were patients expected to earn their keep in hospitals? What did they have to do?

A
  • morality/discipline

- chores

40
Q

What does Michel Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, argue that 18th century reforms gave rise to?

A

Argues that the 18th century reforms that give rise to the ‘modern’ hospital (and ‘modern’ medicine) cause a paradigmatic shift in the language and meaning of health.

41
Q

What did Foucault believe the medical graze was?

A

The shift in power attributed to medicine, according to Foucault, fundamentally shifts the ways in which were experience health, by creating a new language for describing our health, and a new level of ‘experts’ empowered to interpret health.

42
Q

Hospitals were often___resorts.

A

last

43
Q

In which century did hospitals become a centre piece of modern and coveted health care?

A

20th century