Lecture 6: The Rise of the Hospital Flashcards
Early hospitals were often what sorts of institutions?
religious or charity
In the 1700s, hospitals were on the___of medical care in Europe.
periphery
What did hospitals begin to gradually assume in health care?
central role
What were charity hospitals viewed as?
a place of last resort
What did the charity hospital initially rely on?
philanthropic donations
How was the charity hospitals run?
privately or through religious orders
Who did charity hospitals cater to? Why?
people with work-related injuries because it was a state interest (needed people to work)
What were the 6 types of health care institutions?
1) penitentiaries
2) asylums
3) charity hospitals
4) workhouse (infirmaries)
5) military hospitals
6) cottage hospitals
What were workhouse infirmaries?
work for welfare –> doctors supplied to keep people healthy so that they could keep working
Did military hospitals have better or worse access to healthcare?
better, not necessarily better medicine
Who were cottage hospitals for?
the elite and wealthy
What were 5 types of specialized hospitals/infirmaries?
1) smallpox hospitals
2) venereal disease hospitals
3) lying-in hospitals (maternity)
4) general hospitals
5) asylums/mental disease hospitals
How did you gain admission to a charity hospital?
- Parish (talked to priest first, recommended you to the governor)
- Governor (plead that you were worth of their money to be healed)
- Benefactors (someone to vouch for you [your honour])
What did admission to a charity hospital depend on?
destitution, working poor, type of illness
What did you need to practice to be admitted into a charity hospital?
humility
What would a governor or parish priest assess and consider when looking at your case?
- assess character
- consider disease
What percent of hospital admissions were for ‘pos’ (syphilis)?
20%
You had to___yourself to gain access to charity hospital.
humble
The rise of the charity hospital: Place of Last resort Patients would try to\_\_\_ Risk of\_\_\_ Medical\_\_\_
- escape
- contagion
- experimentation
Once accepted into hospital, did you have full control over your body anymore?
People would submit bodies to the institution, it may have been a condition of acceptance into hospital.
What would the majority of patients with means support?
private practitioners
What wer military hospitals subject to?
discipline that exceeded the civilian experiences
Describe the hospital as an institution.
- dominate the landscape
- use of resources
- proof that government is strong and powerful
- beacon of order –> imposting
Why’d the state increasingly take an interest in institution riding?
As a symptom of the health of the states
What was often the result of institution building culturally and physically (what type of culture developed iow)?
these imposting structures with their own sub-cultures
What did the State taking a role in building things like hospitals, universities, and jails prove?
Proof of state trying to prove power and control.
What was the fact that the State repeated the same architecture style with institutions off all kinds proof of?
civilization
What did medical education become tied to?
Hospitals
What were some aspects of medical education that tied it to hospitals?
- bedside earning
- experience
- empirical observation of patients’ signs and symptoms
Hospitals slowly move to the___of the healthcare system and become part of the__state.
- center
- welfare
What did the state see healthcare as a part of its role in providing? What did this lead to states trying to do in regards to hospitals?
- role in providing a welfare state
- clean up their image
As hospitals slowly became the centre of the healthcare system, what ideas shifted?
shifting ideas about what it means to be healthy
Increasingly, hospitals became a place to house new___.
technologies
What did the fact that hospitals could house new technologies mean?
That you don’t just have to rely on what you can carry to a patients house.
Hospital populations provided a captive (and often welcoming) set of subjects for what purpose?
introducing new theories or instruments
Hospitals became places of___.
observation
What are some of the early 19th century technologies that became associated with hospital medicine? (5)
- autopsies
- stethoscope
- endoscopes
- x-ray
- laboratories (bacteriology, chemistry, pathology, etc.)
What were hospital wards segregated by? What kind of class environment did they remain?
Segregated wards by gender, disease, and paying and non-paying. -remained a lower-working class environment
Why were patients expected to earn their keep in hospitals? What did they have to do?
- morality/discipline
- chores
What does Michel Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, argue that 18th century reforms gave rise to?
Argues that the 18th century reforms that give rise to the ‘modern’ hospital (and ‘modern’ medicine) cause a paradigmatic shift in the language and meaning of health.
What did Foucault believe the medical graze was?
The shift in power attributed to medicine, according to Foucault, fundamentally shifts the ways in which were experience health, by creating a new language for describing our health, and a new level of ‘experts’ empowered to interpret health.
Hospitals were often___resorts.
last
In which century did hospitals become a centre piece of modern and coveted health care?
20th century
