Stethoscopes, X-Rays, and Dishwashers

Question 1

What was anesthesia viewed as a way to do what?

Answer 1

Ways and the desire to control pain–ideas of harnessing medicine. Search to control pain and infection.

Question 2

What was surgery before anesthesia?

Answer 2

• no pain relief

- bit on wood or leather, alcohol

Question 3

How did they attempt to deaden pain before anesthesia?

Answer 3

• alcohol
• opium
• mandrake (root) soaked in wine

Question 4

When did Humphry Davy inhaled___?

Answer 4

• 1975

- Nitrous oxide

Question 5

What was nitrous oxide dubbed as and used as?

Answer 5

dubbed as laughing gas and used recreationally more so than in clinics.

Question 6

Why did nitrous oxide fail to gain support from medical profession?

Answer 6

After public demonstrations failed, one of its main proponents (Horace Wells, dentist) grew addicted to chloroform and committed suicide.

Question 7

Nitrous Oxide was not used because it was difficult to get___results, people were___sizes.

Answer 7

• consistent

- different

Question 8

What was the first intervention in pain relief? What did it come out of?

Answer 8

• Nitrous oxide

- Came out of theatre performance

Question 9

Who was the first to use ether?

Answer 9

Dr. William thomas Gren Morton, a dentist in Boston, was the first to anaesthetize a patient with ether before removing a neck tuner.

Question 10

Why did Morton try to tamper with ether?

Answer 10

to produce his own anaesthetizing agent, for financial gain.
-he thought he could make money

Question 11

How did Morton administer ether? Did it work?

Answer 11

by face masks

-failed, but the attempts of ether caught to attention of practitioners throughout Europe

Question 12

What did ether lead to?

Answer 12

further experimentation which lead to chloroform

Question 13

Who discovered chloroform?

Answer 13

James Young Simpson, surgeon in Edinburgh, allegedly while experimenting with chloroform, Simpson opened a bottle and everyone in the room fell asleep. In 1831

Question 14

Who was a famous person to use chloroform that caused scandal?

Answer 14

Queen Victoria in 1853 during the birth of her son Leopold

Question 15

What were the protests about that followed Queen Victoria’s use of chloroform?

Answer 15

Some were religious but most were medical on safety grounds

Question 16

What was chloroform eventually seen as?

Answer 16

Safe and acceptable to use as a general anaesthetic

Question 17

Why was ether replaced by chloroform?

Answer 17

Because ether which irritated the lungs and caused vomiting whereas chloroform was powerful and easy to administer

Question 18

___proved invaluable for deadening pain, but did nothing to hider infections.

Answer 18

Anaesthesia

Question 19

What was singularly tragic in surgery?

Answer 19

Sepsis

Question 20

What struck mother after childbirth? What was it believed it was caused by?

Answer 20

• the puerperal fever

- ‘putrid’ matter introduced into the uterus by the attendants (miasmatic theory)

Question 21

Who was Oliver Wendell Homes? What did he advise?

Answer 21

Boston, regarded the childbed fever as an infection whose ‘gears’ were transmitted by birth attendants. Ac doctor should wait at least a day between an autopsy and a birth, he advised, and should change his suit and wash with chlorinated water

Question 22

Who rebutted Homes?

Answer 22

Influential obstetricians rebutted him with the orthodox wisdom that puerperal fever was neither contagious nor perish the thought–caused by doctors.

Question 23

Franco-Prussian War (1870_
\_\_\_amputations
\_\_\_gangrene and fever deaths
\_\_\_% died
\_\_\_% \_\_\_led to death

Answer 23

• 13200
• 10 000
• 76%
• 100%
• amputations

Question 24

What is significant about the 1840s Vienna General Hospital?

Answer 24

It had a maternity ward divided into 2 sections:
War One- childbed fever raged; mortality was 29%
Ward Two: lower rate of childbed fever; mortality rate was 3%

Question 25

Why was there a difference in the mortality rate of the two maternity ward son Vienna General Hospital?

Answer 25

One is run by midwives and one is run by med students who performed surgery and anatomy and did not wash their hands.

Question 26

What is Ignaz Semmelweis?

Answer 26

Assistant physician at Vienna hospital observed that the births in Ward One were handled by medical students whereas the births in Ward Two were attended by midwifery public.

Question 27

What were blood and guts on surgery clothes viewed as?

Answer 27

a badge of honour

Question 28

What was Semmelweis’ experiment?

Answer 28

He had the medical students and midwives change places. The high mortality rate followed the medical students.

Question 29

When did Semmelweis order hand-washing with chlorinated water before deliveries? What was the result?

Answer 29

Man of 1847 and birth wards mortality plummeted

Question 30

What happened to Semmelweis?

Answer 30

He continued to be ridiculed by disbelieving colleagues. In Budapest he introduced chlorine disinfection and morality rates from puerperal fever declined. He was institutionalized in a Viennese mental hospital where he allegedly died of a streptococcal infection.

Question 31

What are Semmelweis reforms?

Answer 31

Hand washing, wishing with alcohol, scrubbing before surgery and autopsies.

Question 32

What is Joseph Lister known as?

Answer 32

the founder of antiseptic surgery

Question 33

What did Joseph Lister develop?

Answer 33

a way of preventing infections of wounds and surgical incisions with chemical antiseptics.

Question 34

What were conditions like when Lister became a surgeon in 1852?

Answer 34

• appalling.
• most surgeons operated with unwashed hands and dirty instruments while wearing bloodstained operating coats that were never washed.
• the patients rested in beds with dirty linens that were often not changed between patients

Question 35

What was the cause of infection experienced by nearly all surgical patients and the smell of putrefaction in surgical wards attributed to?

Answer 35

“bad air” and was considered unavoidable

Question 36

What was Joseph Lister’s religion?

Answer 36

Quaker

Question 37

Where was Lister a surgeon?

Answer 37

Edinburgh

Question 38

What did think would would become infected by? What was he puzzled by?

Answer 38

• felt wounds became infected by ‘stinking matter’ (miasma)

- puzzled by gangrene (from amputations)

Question 39

Who did Lister study and what did he become interested in?

Answer 39

Lister studied Pasteur and became interested in bacteria

• Rotting
• Poisoning
• Fermenting

Question 40

When and what was Lister’s first trial?

Answer 40

• 1865
• Soaked lint in carbolic acid and linseed oil and dressed wound
• Wound healed, infection free
• Saw carbolic acid as key

Question 41

What was carbolic acid used for?

Answer 41

• washing hands
• washing wounds
• spray in operating theater

Question 42

What did Lister believe about bacteria and carbolic acid?

Answer 42

That bacteria existed every and that carbolic acid neutralized or killed it

Question 43

Why did many practitioners mock Lister?

Answer 43

for his belief in invisible bacteria/micro-organisms

Question 44

Why did mortality rates significantly decline with?

Answer 44

the introduction of antisepsis

Question 45

What other improvements helped with the reduction of mortality rates after the use of antisepsis?

Answer 45

• rubber/latex gloves
• surgical masks
• gowns
• hand scrubbing
• nightingale hospital reforms (better ventilation, light, opening up the wards)