Cosmetic Surgery Flashcards
How is beauty largely defined?
It’s heavily influenced by what we think we should look like in order to be attractive, and how we think our bodies should “perform.”
What does the growth of the beauty/health industry promote?
Reinforces that this is a money making pursuit
What is cosmetic surgery a branch of?
plastic surgery
What do plastic surgeons remain?
- congenital malformations (cleft lip and palate, etc.)
- disfiguring wounds
- animals bites
- burn injuries
- perform reconstructions after surgeries for chronic and/or malignant conditions
What is cosmetic surgery?
Is largely elective and designed to augment “normal” appearance.
What is the difference between plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery?
Plastic surgery is reconstructing something that was already there. Bring to a standard of normal. Cosmetic surgery is for enhancement.
What is cosmetic surgery concerned with?
The correction, restoration, or enhancement of the body.
What does the history of cosmetic surgery date back to?
It has a history dating back to the 6th century in India.
Plastic surgery is the___and is___.
Cosmetic surgery is the___and is___.
- minority
- corrective
- majority
- elective
What was the struggle between doctors and patients over cosmetic surgery?
Doctors wanted power and control, to only perform surgery for medical reasons, while patients wanted to alter their appearance as they saw fit, without much regard for the usual standards of medical necessity.
When did a Hindu surgeon reconstruct a nose using a piece of cheek?
600 BC
When did rhinoplasty become common? Why?
- 1000 AD
- Due to common practice of cutting off noses and upper lips of enemies.
Who is “the father of plastic surgery”?
Gaspare Tagliacozzi
What is Tagliacozzi known for? When?
- Reconstructs noses slashed off during duels by transferring flaps of upper arm skin
- 16th century
- Also used to reconstruct “saddle nose” deformity of congenital syphilis
What were the 2 factors leading to nose reconstruction in 600 BC?
1) About concealing being unwell or moral corruption because 3rd stage syphilis produced ulcers on skin, appeared on nose
2) Punishments where edge of nose was removed
Who and when was the term plastic surgery coined? What did it come from?
- Pierre Desault
- 1798
- From the Greek “plastikos,” fit for moulding
What developments in the 19th century make plastic surgery safer?
- developments and anesthesia and antisepsis
- techniques improve
What happened in the two world wars that applied to plastic surgery?
Skills developed during the world wars and applied to victims of birth defects and automobile and industry accidents.
What 3 things all increased the popularity of cosmetic surgery after the world wars?
- Eugenics movement
- Post-WWII prosperity
- Rise of movies/TV
When was the first modern rhinoplasty?
1923
When was the first public facelift?
1931
What was cosmetic surgery like 1990s onward?
More procedures carried outing doctors’ officer and free-standing surgical centres.
After WWII ___US Medical schools offered plastic surgery specialties.
52/72
How man licensed plastic surgeons were there in the US in 1960?
462
What was the rise of plastic surgery intended to be for? What did it spill over into?
- aid in war effort
- spilled over into civilian life
What was the relation between eugenics and cosmetic surgery?
Related to popularization of health, beauty. Glamorization of notion beauty.
What did Lily Dache’s Glamour Book (1956) state?
- There is no excuse for a women to grow old, unless she is ill.
- You have to be young to keep up with the modern world
- All you have to do is stretch-out your hand to receive the magic bounty of glamour that modern science has prepared for you.
What is there a strong correlation between?
beauty and youth
What was the 1950s rise of Asian eye surgery due to?
- ‘westernize eyes’
- distress and pain about eye image
- demand from women suggesting it was a better way to secure social mobility (US husbands –> come to US)
What increased procedures of eye life among women inSaigon?
Vietnam War
Where were Asian eye life clinics?
- Soeul
- Hong Kong
- Tokyo
- Manilla
What did the 1973 article in the New York Times about Asian eye lift surgeries discuss?
“They found it helped them get good jobs and American husbands.”
“Vietnamese see pictures of the girls in magazines and this becomes a standard of beauty.”
Being exposed to certain images and ideas changes ideas of beauty.
Who is Barbara Streisand and what is her relation to beauty? What was her argument?
- 1960s file star
- Most reviews mention her nose, describing it as: large, absurd, prominent, and ‘like a witch’. Her nose was, arguably, holding her back.
- US nose jobs then common
- She argued that her nose was part of her heritage, and if she had to sing and act, why wasn’t that enough.
- She refused to change her nose and spoke openly about it. She is jewish and says it is a form of anti-semitism
Who had the “perfect nose” in the eyes of the media?
- Jackie Kennedy
- Bone narrowed, tip pinched into a triangle, and two distinct pumps above nostrils
What had the upturned nose become in some circles?
a middle-class status symbol
What is Michael Jackson known for?
“caucasianization”
What did biographers claim Michael Jackson was motivated by?
‘self hate’ and desire to neutralize his racial characteristics
How man controversial surgeries did Michael Jackson have/
4+
What are some examples of the procedures that males underwent to achieve the “perfect body”
- scalp reduction (for male pattern baldness)
- cheek implants
- ear reshaping
- pectoral implants
- chin augmentation(implants)
- calf implants
- face lift
- chemical peel
- forehead life
- upper arm lift
- buttock lift
- thigh lift
- liposuction
What is anabolic steroid abuse connected to?
supplement industry booming at the same time
How many million American men have swallowed or injected anabolic steroids since they became widely available in the 1960s?
3 million
What percent of current high school males have used anabolic steroids (what has the increase been over the last 4 years), and what about girls?
- 2.8%
- 50% increase over last 4 years
- rates among girls may be even higher
What are the 4 arguments for cosmetic surgery?
1) Aging as a physical illness
2) Aging as a mental illness
3) Substitution of happiness for health as the goal of medical treatment
4) A business service provided to those who desire it, can pay, and accept the risks involved
What are 4 underlying commercial interests with cosmetic surgery?
1) Media–(TV, film, magazines, internet)
2) The business of Cosmetic surgery
3) Fashion industry
4) Stockholders (increase bottom line)
What are some examples of Prime Time Cosmetic Surgery?
-ABC TV’s “Extreme Makeover”
-Fox TV’s “The Swan”
MTV’s “I Want a New Face”
What is at the core of extreme makeover shows? What is their effect?
Entertainment, but their effect is to normalize plastic surgery. As with most major attitudinal shifts, this acceptance has been a subtle evolution.
How do extreme makeover shows make cosmetic surgery look>
So straightforward, so oddly life-affirming, you almost wonder why more people don’t have a go at it.
What is “the fringes” of cosmetic surgery?
- Deliberate amputations of body parts
- Apotmnophilia- attraction to the idea of being an amputee (a paraphilia)
- Not to be confused with acrotomophiliacs–sexually attracted to amputees.
What is the body modification and weight loss industries marred by?
- Hucksterism, false claims, and conflicts of interest
- Preys upon ideas of interactions of health and beauty through domain of mental health
What differed about beauty in different times and in different cultures?
Its definition
What is the role of the health professions with beauty?
The health professions can play a constructive role in supporting safe and healthy behaviours and promoting realistic ideals of beauty.
When is aesthetic plastic surgery a positive contribution to society?
When it remains where it commenced, in the realm of the medical system where it was intended to seriously benefit patients
When does cosmetic surgery have a negative impact on the social construct of identity?
When it crosses entirely into the commercial world reinforcing naturally unachievable stereotypes of beauty and its immediate focus is on benefitting the business it can have a negative impact.
