Lecture 3: Medicine as Art: History as Science Flashcards
What is the humeral theory (western-Greek)?
stresses a focus on the body to explain disease
What are the 4 humors?
black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood
What did the humeral theory look more at?
body and reactions
What was the ayurvedic theory?
stresses universal connectedness of human, health, and universe (spiritual and environmental)
-nutrition
what does the ayurvedic theory look more at?
bodies in the context of their environment.
What did ancient medicine stress?
the importance of the function of the body over it anatomy
-how bodies behave and react to stimuli
At a point was human anatomy illegal?
yes
When anatomy was illegal, what did they use to apply to the human body instead?
animals
Dissection and vivisection for teaching purposes was performed on___when anatomy was illegal.
animals
what is dissection? what is vivisection?
dissection -on dead matter
vivisection- on living matter
12-15th century medicine was shaped by which 3 ancient Greek approaches?
- Hippocrates
- Asclepious
- Galen
When and where was Galen born?
129 A.D.
-modern Turkey
What did Galen do?
Experiment with animals and extrapolated his findings to humans. He would look at the physiology and anatomy of animals and make images and texts using animals as the basis for human anatomy.
What did Galen write?
Anatomical Institutions (most authoritative medical text)
What did Galen ascribed to the liver and vascular network in the brain? What was the vascular network in the brain called? Where had he extrapolated it?
-5 lives to the liver and vascular network in brain called rate miracle which he had extrapolated from the pig and rhesus monkey
When was the ban lifted on dissection?
300 BC
What was dissection limited to in 300 BC?
criminals (alive or dead)
What was the dual purpose that lifting the ban on dissection in 30 BC?
-Responded to request from the medical community to investigate the anatomy of the human body, and reminded criminals of the consequences of their activities.
In 300 BC after the ban was lifted, why did only a select few dissect human bodies?
due to cultural and religious taboos
When did the trend of a lack of dissection after 300 BC continue until? Why did this change?
Continued throughout the history of anatomy and was only changed significantly int eh 20th century as individuals began donating their bodies to science.
Why types of people were often the ones performing dissections?
illiterate or slaves
Dissections after Galen were more___than information-seeking.
rituals
Galen’s texts served as___for human anatomy.
authority
Why were Galen’s texts authority for human anatomy?
because the idea was that he had already discovered the way the human body worked and looked.
When did legal human dissection increase (especially with criminals)
during the 13th and 14the century
Why did legal dissection increase during the 13th and 14th century?
had to do with political and cultural changes
Ex. churches had less control over university curriculum, and artists became interested in observation and anatomy became an important part of depicting the human form