wk 2 terms

Question 1

Maturation

Answer 1

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

Question 2

Coactions

Answer 2

Joint actions of individual biology and environment – each shapes and influences each other

Question 3

Sensitive periods

Answer 3

Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences

Question 4

Plasticity

Answer 4

the brain’s capacity to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible

Question 5

Organization

Answer 5

Ongoing process of arranging information and experience into mental systems or categories

Question 6

Schemes

Answer 6

mental systems or categories of perception and experience

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

fitting new information into existing schemes

Question 8

Accommodation

Answer 8

altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information

Question 9

Equilibration

Answer 9

Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

Question 10

Disequilibrium

Answer 10

In Piaget’s theory, the “out-of-balance” state that occurs when a person realizes that their current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation

Question 11

Executive functioning

Answer 11

The processes used to organize, coordinate, and preform goal-directed, intentional actions, including focusing attention, inhibiting impulsive responses, making and changing plans, and using memory to hold and manipulate information

Question 12

Neo-Piagetian theories

Answer 12

More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget’s insights about children’s thinking and construction of knowledge

Question 13

Sociocultural theory

Answer 13

Theory that emphasizes the role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society; children learn the culture of their community (ways of thinking and behaving) through these interactions

Question 14

Co-constructed

Answer 14

Constructed through a social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem; the final product is shaped by all participants

Question 15

Cultural tools

Answer 15

The real tools (computers, scales, etc.) and symbol systems ( numbers, language, graphs, etc.) that allow people in society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge

Question 16

Collective monologue

Answer 16

Form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate

Question 17

Private speech

Answer 17

Children’s self-talk, which guides their thinking and action; eventually, these verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech

Question 18

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 18

Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

Question 19

Scaffolding

Answer 19

Support for learning and problem solving; the support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner

Question 20

Assisted learning

Answer 20

learning by having strategic help provided in initial stages; the help gradually diminishes as students gain independence