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PSYC 471 > Willpower > Flashcards

Willpower Flashcards

1
Q

What four broad categories can we divide the uses of willpower into?

A
  1. Control Thoughts
  2. Control Emotions
  3. Impulse Control
  4. Performance Control
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2
Q

What is the Radish Experiment? Who conducted it and why?

A

In the experimental condition students came to the lab on an empty stomach and had to resist freshly baked chocolate chip cookies and could only eat radishes.

Baumeister conducted the experiment to demonstrate ego depletion

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3
Q

What is the German Beeper study? Who conducted it and why?

A

200 Germans given beepers and asked to record whether they were currently experiencing or had recently experienced Desire

Hofmann and Baumeister conducted the study to show that temptation and desire were the norm not the exception and that we are constantly summoning willpower to deal with it.

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4
Q

How much time did the people in the German Beeper study spend resisting desire?

A

1/5 of their waking hours, between 3-4 hours

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5
Q

What were the most commonly resisted desires in the german beeper study?

A
  1. eat
  2. sleep
  3. leisure
  4. sex
  5. TV/internet
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6
Q

What is the Mardi Gras Theory? What did Baumeister do to test it? What is the significance of the findings?

A

A theory that shamelessly indulging in desires allows people to store up the willpower necessary for future self-denial

Baumiester tested this theory by serving one group of participants an indulgent milkshake and the other groups either read magazines or drank tasteless dairy gloop hypothesizing the milkshakes would increase willpower.

Both the milkshakes and the gloop increased willpower
The Mardi Gras theory was proven wrong but what they discovered was: Glucose is what was reversing the ego depletion effect

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7
Q

What happened when dogs’ willpower was studied?

A

The same findings that they had with humans, ego depletion after exercising willpower and sugar was restorative

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8
Q

How is it that glucose affects ego depletion if there is no overall change in the brain’s energy consumption?

A

Ego depletion shifts activity from one part of the brain to another

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9
Q

Who on the whole has fewer problems with willpower, women or men?

A

women

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10
Q

Why is sleep important for self control?

A

Because it reduced the body’s demands for glucose
and
Sleep deprivation impairs glucose processing

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11
Q

Why wasn’t Benjamin Franklin able to keep his notebook clear of marks?

A

Because his goals were conflicting

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12
Q

What are the 3 main consequences of conflicting goals found in Emmons and King’s study?

A
  1. Worry
  2. Get less done: so busy worrying that you get stuck
  3. Physical and Mental Health suffer
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13
Q

What did Bickel discover when he had both addicts and non addicts complete stories about the future

A

That addicts have a shortened temporal horizon

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14
Q

Who conducted the experiment that told students to set either distal or proximal goals for completing arithmetic problems?
what were the results?

A

Bandura
Children who were instructed to set proximal goals outperformed those who were told to set distal goals (which were no better than setting no goals)

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15
Q

How do you explain the differences in the results of Bandura’s study who showed that proximal goals were more effective and the Dutch study which showed distal goals were more effective?

A

Brandura’s study was conducted with younger children. The proximal goals allowed them to see their progress and increase their confidence and self-efficacy

The Dutch study was done with teenage boys who were older and better able to think about the future. They were able to make a connection between their daily tasks and their distal goals

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16
Q

In the experiment done on fuzzy vs. fussy planning why was daily planning inferior to monthly planning?

A

Time consuming preparation
Lacks flexibility
Demoralizing when you get off track

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17
Q

What problem did David Allen see with the traditional big picture management plan?

A

too distracted to get anything done

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18
Q

What is “monkey mind”?

A

mind with constantly shifting thoughts

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19
Q

What is the tickler file?

A

It’s a file with 31 folders for each day of the current month and 12 folders for each month of the year

If something didn’t need to be dealt with until a later date you can just file it away and know that you will be reminded of it at the appropriate time and silence mental nagging

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20
Q

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

A

Uncompleted tasks and unmet goals tend to pop into one’s mind.
Only once the task has been completed or the goal reached does this stream of reminders stop

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21
Q

What happened when students in Masicampo and Baumeister’s study on the Zeigarnik effect were reminded of an upcoming exam? what happened when they were reminded of an upcoming exam and asked to make a study plan?

A

The students who only thought of the exam saw more study related words in word fragments

The students who were also asked to write a study plan did not

Writing down the plan had cleared their minds

22
Q

What is the reason for the persistence of distracting thoughts?

a. An indication that the unconscious mind is working to finish the task
b. The unconscious mind nagging us to finish the task
c. The unconscious mind asking the conscious mind to make a plan

A

C

23
Q

What are the 4 D’s of GTD?

A

Do it
Delegate it
Defer it
Drop it

24
Q

What is the Rubicon model of action phases? what are the phases? which depletes willpower?

A
  1. pre decision phase
  2. post decision phase

The actual decision itself is what depletes willpower

25
Q

Does making decisions about something enjoyable still deplete willpower?

A

A few pleasant decisions do not but if the list becomes too long it will still deplete willpower

26
Q

Does choosing for others deplete willpower?

A

choosing for an acquaintance is much less depleting than choosing for one’s self

27
Q

When are you most likely to get parole?

A

Immediately after a food break, First thing in the morning

28
Q

What happens to decision making when willpower is depleted?

A

choose the easiest safest option. Stick with the status quo and try to avoid making decisions and killing any options

29
Q

How do shoppers evaluate products when their willpower is depleted?

A

by only looking at one dimension: either quality or price

30
Q

What is a car dealerships best strategy to get people to add more features to their car?

A

Put many tough choices at the beginning to fatigue their willpower and make them more likely to choose the default option later

31
Q

Hows does alcohol lessen self control?

A

by lowering blood glucose and by reducing self awareness

32
Q

What did Project MATCH find?

A

AA and expert treatments were equally effective

No benefit of trying to match participants to the “optimal treatment”

33
Q

What did Project MATCH not find?

A

if any of the treatments (AA, CBT, motivational-enhancement therapy) were better than nothing because there was no control

34
Q

What is warehousing and how is it used to explain a possible benefit of AA

A

warehousing is a term used to explain what high school does. The school is a “warehouse” that stores the kids during the day so they don’t get into trouble elsewhere.
The argument is AA functions the same way, time spent at meetings is time spent not drinking.

35
Q

What factor did DiClemente find that predicted whether or not the men in his study would stay sober and how serious their lapses would be?

A

Social support

36
Q

How does telling their story the the group help a member of AA?

A

Telling the story forces them to organize their thoughts, monitor their behavior and discuss goals for the future.

37
Q

What is hyperbolic discounting?

A

we can ignore temptations when they’re not immediately available, but once they’re right in front of us we lose perspective and forget our distant goals (discount the future)

38
Q

What results did Ainslie get when he offered people $100 to be paid in 6 years or $200 to be paid in nine years? What about when he offered 100$ to be paid today or 200$ to be paid in 3 years.

Explain the findings. What is this an example of?

A

When offered $100 in six years or $200 in nine years people chose the $200 in nine years option

However, when offered $100 now or $200 in 3 years people chose the $100 now option because their judgment was distorted by the immediate temptation.

He found that as we approach a short term temptation our tendency to discount the future follows the steep curve of a hyperbola

Called hyperbolic discounting

39
Q

What are bright lines?

A

Clear, simple, unambiguous rules you can’t help but notice when you cross

40
Q

Why are bright lines important?

A

so your present self can be sure your future self will observe the rules

41
Q

What are the only two clearly demonstrated benefits of high self-esteem?

A
  1. Initiative: because it lends confidence

2. It feels good

42
Q

WHat are the three basic facets of punishment?

A
  1. Severity
  2. Speed
  3. Consistency
43
Q

Which is the least important facet of punishment?

A

severity

44
Q

What is the most important facet of punishment?

A

consitency

45
Q

What is Ferberization?

A

a technique that requires parents to ignore their infant’s cries when they’re left alone at bedtime to teach the infant to self regulate

46
Q

WHat is the overjustification effects?

A

rewards turn play into work (undermine intrinsic motivation)

47
Q

What does Baumeister think about rewarding children with money for good grades?

A

He does not think the overjustification effect will happen and undermine intrinsic motivation. Grades are already extrinsic so money wouldn’t change anything
Performing well for money is a fact of adult life

48
Q

What does Baumeister suggest is the best way to help teenagers with their self control?

A

Involve them in the rule making process

49
Q

What predicted whether Trinidadian children of African and Indian descent would wait for larger candy bar?

A

If they had a father at home they were more likely to delay reward

50
Q

What are the possible reasons for why children brought up in single parent homes have less self control?

A
  1. Genetic factor, if a parent impulsively ran off and abandoned their family perhaps they passed on those impulsive genes
  2. Less eyes watching the child (monitoring is crucial for self control)
51
Q

Give an example of a Bright Line rule?

A

The nothing alternative

52
Q

What is the Yes…Damn!” effect

A

Committing to something int he future because you falsely think you will have more free time

PSYC 471 (28 decks)

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