Why was Henry unable to secure the annulment?

Question 1

International Situation:

Answer 1

Charles in control of Rome and Pope - Familial ties to Catherine and Henry involved in Anti-Spanish alliances.

Question 2

Pope reluctant to condemn the previous Pope:

Answer 2

Pope Clement VII - Fear of indication that popes can make mistakes or religion was wrong in the first instance.

Question 3

Wolsey lacked influence in Rome and unable to control hearing from England:

Answer 3

1/ Wanted to stay in England and keep relations with King
2/ Worked through diplomats eg. Gardiner = had no influence in Rome and limited theological understanding.
3/ The lengthy nature of it allowed Campeggio to take control.

Question 4

Popular opinion in England was against annulment:

Answer 4

1/ Respected Catherine - Led English at Battle of Flodden
2/ Catholic country - against divorce
3/ Sympathetic after her court speech
4/ The country did not want to lose stability

Question 5

Wolsey accused of dragging feet:

Answer 5

1/ Not keen on travelling to Rome
2/ Boleyn’s faction accused him of slowing it down so she does not have influence
3/ Promised speed but was hoping Henry would change his mind
4/ Papal links - Church also want it delayed

Question 6

The actions of Catherine:

Answer 6

1/ Refuses to accept English court and demands Rome
2/ Suggestion of her retreating to nunnery shut down
3/ Uses bible to counter Henry - Deuteronomy: Her and Arthur’s marriage never consummated
4/ Plea at legatine court - passionate and desperate to keep Mary’s legitimacy