Henry VIII foreign policy 1522-1529 Flashcards
What happened in 1522?
Under Treaty of Bruges Charles and Henry declared war on France.
Failure: Charles recovered Milan but failed to support English troops in Picardy. England returned empty handed.
Why was Henry failed again in 1523?
Further French campaign allied with angry french noble, Duke of Bourbon and Charles V. Charles promised support from troops in Netherlands.
English troops nearly reached Paris but were let down and returned empty handed.
Cost annual income - £400,000 - and lost prestige as peacemaker.
What did Scotland refuse?
A sixteen year truce in 1523. Henry sent raiding parties in response.
What did Wolsey have to resist in 1524?
Pressures from Charles V to launch further attack as they could not fund it.
What happened in 1525?
1/ Charles won Battle of Pavia and captured Francis I - Wild victory.
2/ Henry saw as opportunity to invade. Charles would not support, Wolsey’s ‘amicable grant’ caused rebellion and Henry was forced to back down.
3/ Charles annulled marriage treaty with Mary - no longer needed English support.
4/ Henry, betrayed, signed Treaty of More in August with France. Gave up French claim to throne for a pension.
5/ Duke of Albany died in Scotland - anti-english stance - allowed James to adopt more friendly relations.
How did Wolsey pursue an anti-imperial alliance in 1526?
France, Venice, Milan, Florence and the Pope formed the League of Cognac to try and reverse the French defeat at Pavia.
England joined as ‘league protector’ and become international peace-broker.
What happened in 1527 that made Henry’s attempt to get an annulment to Catherine of Aragon difficult?
Imperial army mutinied and sacked Rome - Charles took control of Papal states, the Papacy and Milan. The Pope, unfree, declined Henry’s request to annul the marriage.
Henry decided alliance with France would gain military victory and annulment.
What treaty was signed in 1528?
The Treaty of Westminster with France and Treaty of Amiens which agreed an attack on Charles.
What did Wolsey implement in 1529 that caused domestic unrest?
After declaring war on Charles, Wolsey imposed trade embargo on English cloth trade with Burgundy. Caused unemployment + coincided with poor harvest - Riots in South and East.
Wolsey had to lift embargo and make truce with Netherlands.
Was the attack on Charles V successful?
France initially successful in 1529 - reached Naples. Then troops forced back by disease and Charles importantly defeated them at Battle of Ladriano.
What did the Pope sign in 1529?
Treaty of Barcelona - conflict was hopeless.
What was negotiated between France and Spain in 1529? Was Henry included?
Treaty of Cambrai negotiated by Margaret of Austria and Louise of Savoy - sometimes known as ‘Ladies Peace’.
Completely ignored English interest, only invited to join negotiations last minute.
Why was foreign policy unsuccessful? Name five reasons.
1/ Unrealistic ambitions - couldn’t fund war against France.
2/ Wolsey did not consistently pursue English interests - Amicable Grant: further taxation.
3/ England let down by allies - Ferdinand uses first French war to take Navarre.
4/ Changes in fortune of allies - eg. French defeat at Pavia.
5/ Unexpected events in Europe - eg. Sacking of Rome, Death of Louis, Maxmillian and Ferdinand.
