weimar and nazi germany Flashcards
1
Q
Due to the reintroduction of conscription in 1935, how much did the army expand to.
A
From 100,000 in 1933 to 1,400,000 in 1939
2
Q
what did invisible unemployment include
A
Jews and women were dismissed from their jobs, opponents of the Nazis who were put in concentration camps were not included in the data. And figures also included part-time workers as fully employed.
3
Q
How much money did Hitler spend on Job creation schemes
A
37.1 billion
4
Q
What did the autobahns programme do?
A
The programme helped more than 125,000 men get involved in their construction, and it enabled Hitler’s troops to move rapidly in the event of a war.
5
Q
How were women given more power politically
A
Women over 20 were given the vote and by 1933 10% of women were in the reichstag
6
Q
How were women given more power economically
A
They took careers eg one hundred thousand teachers 3k doctors and equal amount of men and women in the civil service
7
Q
What freedom did women have socially
A
They went out without men , drank and smoked , cared about fashion had short hair , and makeup.
8
Q
What were the nazi policy
A
230 women’s organisations were brought together under one organisation so they could control them, it was called women’s front. The group were expected not to let Jews join, in 1934 Gertrude SchultzKline was appointed national women’s leader of Germany.
9
Q
The ideals for women under the nazi regime
A
No make up, blonde , heavy hipped , athletic, flat shoes and full skirt. No smoking, no working, do all household duties, look after kids, cook. And no interest in politics
10
Q
When was the enabling act and what did it do
A
23rd March 1933 - The Enabling Act: with the communist deputies banned and the SA intimidating all the remaining non-Nazi deputies, the Reichstag voted by the required two-thirds majority to give Hitler the right to make laws without the Reichstag’s approval for four years.
11
Q
How did the edelweiss pirates rebel against the Nazis
A
They listened to forbidden street music and daubed walls with anti Nazi graffiti.
12
Q
How many members did the Edelweiss Pirates have
A
By 1939 it had a membership of 2000
13
Q
How did the swing youth rebel against the Nazis
A
Boys grew their hair long and girls wore makeup. Middle class group who loved swing music
14
Q
How did the Protestant church oppose the Nazis
A
Pastor Martin Niemöller established the Pastors’ Emergency League, which opposed Nazi attempts to control the Protestant Church.
15
Q
How many members did the Pastors’ emergency league have
A
7,000 by 1934
16
Q
When was Niemöller arrested and why
A
In 1937 after having preached that people must obey God and not man.
17
Q
How did the Catholic Church oppose the Nazis
A
In 1937 Pope Pius XI issued a special letter to Catholic Priests attacking the Nazi system. Priests read the letter to their congregation clearly showing they were trying to resist the Nazi attempts to control the church.
18
Q
What did the Nazis do in response to the letter from Pope Pius XI
A
Closed catholic groups and prevented catholics from joining the Nazi Party
19
Q
In the years 1933 to 1939 how many people were sent to concentration camps
A
1.3 million
20
Q
How did the Nazis enhance Germanys international standing
A
The Saar was returned in 1935, the army was built up after 1935, and in 1936 the Rheinland was reoccupied.
21
Q
How did Hitler control the Army in 1938
A
In 1938 Hitler removed 16 generals who had criticised his foreign policy aims
22
Q
When was Gustav Stresemann appointed
A
August 1923
23
Q
When was the Rentenmark introduced and what did it do
A
In November 1923 the Rentenmark replaced the German mark to stabilise the currency and restore confidence
24
Q
When was the Dawes Plan and what did it do
A
1924 - reorganised Germanys reparation payments so they were staged to match Germanys capacity to pay.
25
How was germanys reparations changed due to the Dawes plan
Payments began at 1 billion marks for the first year and increased over a period of 4 years to 2.5 billion marks a year
26
How did American loans help the German economy
US companies and banks gave loans of nearly $3 billion
27
When was the Locarno pact and what did it do
In 1929 Germany negotiated a further change to reparations and a timescale was set, with Germany making payments until 1988
28
How much was the reparation figure reduced due to the young plan
From £6 billion to £1.85 billion
29
How did the Locarno Pact improve relations
Ended passive resistance in the Ruhr which led to the Locarno Pact of 1925 signed by Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Belgium, by this agreement Germany agreed to keep its existing borders
30
When did Germany become a member of the League of Nations
It was given a permanent seat in September 1926
31
How did wages change during the golden years
The real value of wages increased each year after 1924 benefiting German workers. While unemployment fell generally, it remained high in the professions such as lawyers, civil servants and teachers.
32
How did housing improve during the golden years
Between 1924 and 1931 more than 2 million new homes were built and by 1928 homelessness had been reduced by more than 60 percent
33
Key features of the 25 point programme
The Union of all Germans to form a Greater Germany, getting rid of the treaty of Versailles. No Jew was to be a citizen of the nation. All newspaper editors and contributors to be German
34
By 1922 how many members did the Nazi Party have
6000 members riding to 50,000 2 years later
35
When was the munich putsch and what happened
On 8th November 1923 Hitler and the SA burst into a beerhall, distrpting a political meeting attended by Kahr, Seisser and Lossow. The three leaders were held at gunpoint until they offered their support for there putsch, they were then released.
36
What happened the day after the Munich putsch
Hitler and Ludendorff with about 3000 supporters marched through Munich hoping to win mass public support. Seisser and Lossow had changed their minds and ordered troops and police to resist them. 16 marchers were killed and Hitler fled.
37
When was Hitler arrested
On 11 November Hitler was arrested and the Nazi party was banned
38
What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch
Hitler turned his trial into propaganda success, using it to attack the Weimar Republic. It provided him with nationwide publicity.
The court was sympathetic to Hitler and gave him the minimum sentence for the offence - 5 years
Hitler was imprisoned in Landsberg Prison for only 9 months where he wrote 'Mein Kampf' whcih contained his political views
39
How did the Nazi Party do well in the lean years (1924-1929)
It won 32 seats in the 1924 elections
Mein Kampf provided key ideas for the development of the Nazi Party with its focus on the importance of propaganda and anti-Semitism
Hitler reorganised the party to make it more efficient, with party branches run by Gauletiers
At the 1926 Bamberg party conference Hitler continued to strengthen his position - possible rivals to Hitler were run over or removed
Membership increased to 100,000 members by 1928
40
How did the Nazi Party not do well in the lean years (1924-1929)
- There were quarrels and disagreements during Hitler's period in prison
- Economic recovery meant there was little support for extreme parties
- It only one 12 seats in the 1928 elections
41
When was the Wall Street Crash and what happened
In October 1929 the Wall Street Crash led to US loans being recalled and as a result many German businesses sacked workers and were forced to close
42
How did the Wall Street Crash effect unemployment
By 1932, over 6 million people were unemployed. The Weimar Republic failed to deal with unemployment
43
Why was their a growth in support for the Nazi Party and Communist party after 1929
- The weimar republic was blamed for the allowing the country to become to depend on US loans
- There were disagreements in government about the level of unemployment contributions. Chancellor Muller resigned in March 1930
- Bruning became chancellor buyt his reduction of government spending, pay cuts, cuts to unemployment benefits and increase taxes lost him support. He resigned in 1932
-Elections were called in July and November 1932. The communist party gained 100 seats.
44
In the 1930 and 1932 elections how many seats did the Nazi Party win
In the September 1930 elections the Nazi Party won 107 seats and by July 1932 it was the largest party with 230 seats
45
How did the SA contribute to the growth of support for the Nazi Party in the 1930s
- By 1932, the SA numbered 600,000. It organised parades through towns and cities, impressing many Germans who saw order and discipline in a time of chaos
- It was used to intimidate any opposition especially the Communists
46
How did Hitler himself contribute to the growth of support for the Nazi Party in the 1930s
- Posters and rallies built Hitler up as a superman. The campaigns focused around his personality and skills as a speaker
- To fix the unemployment crisis Hitler tried to appeal to all sections of society. The Nazi message was that the Weimar Government were at blame for the economic crisis and that a weak coalition government could not save Germany, instead the Nazis could unite Germany in a time of crisis
- Hitler provided people with a scapegoat - blaming the Jews for the problem
- Hitler one support from business and industrial who donated funds to the Nazi Party. The were especially concerned at the increased support for the Communist Party
47
How did Goebbels contribute to the growth in support for the Nazi Party in the 1930s
- Joseph Goebbels was a master of propaganda and used every possible method to get across the Nazi message : Posters targeted different audiences and were timed to have maximum impact. Their messages were simple but clear. He chartered planes to fly Hitler all over German to speak at 4 or 5 different conferences a day
48
When was Franz von Papen appointed chancellor
In May 1932 after Bruning stepped down
49
What party was Von Papen part of and how many supporters did this party have in the Reichstag
He was the leader of the Centre Party but only had 68 supporters in the Reichstag
50
What did Hitler demand after getting 230 votes in the July 1932 elections
He demanded the posy of chancellor but Hindenburg who didn't like Hitler refused to appoint him
51
What was the outcome of the November 1932 elections that Von Papen arranged
Centre Party - won even fewer seats than the July elections
Nazi Party - seats fell to 196
52
How did Von Papen and Hindenburg help Hitler to become chancellor
- Von Papen was determined to regain power and so after meeting Hitler in early January 1933 they agreed that Hitler should lead a government with von Papen as vice chancellor
- They had support from the army, major landowners and leaders of industry who disliked von Schleicer's plans to bring together different strands from the left and right parties and were worried about a Communist takeover
- Von Papen convinced President Hindenburg that a coalition government with Hitler as chancellor would save Germany and bring stability. Von Papen said that he would be able to control Hitler - he would "make Hitler squealk"
53
When was Hitler appointed chancellor
On 31 January 1933 Hindenburg invited Hitler to become Chancellor
54
When was the Reichstag Fire and what happened
On 27th February 1933 the Reichstag building was burned down and a Dutsch communist, Marius van der Lubbe was put on trial and found guilty of starting the fire. Hitler blamed the communist party for the fire .
55
What was the consequence of the Reichstag Fire
Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree - the 'Decree for the protection of the People and the State' giving the police the powers to detain people without trial
56
What did the enabling act allow Hitler to do
The 'Enabling Act' gave Hitler the power to make laws without the Reichstags consent.
57
What did Hitler use the powers of the enabling act to do
-Banned all trade unions - the Unions were merged into a german labour front
- Banned all other political parties - by July 1933 germany was a one party state
58
Who led the SA
Ernst Rohm
59
When was the night of the long knives and what happened
Hitler felt threatened by the SA and removed his threat by purging the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler arranged a meeting with rohm and 100 other SA leaders. They were arrested by the SS, taken to Munich and shot.
60
Reasons for the purge of the SA
- The SA were increasingly out of control at a time Hitler was trying to build a dictatorship through legal methods
- Rohm wanted a social revolution: to bring about greater equality in society
- Leading Nazis such as Himmler were concerned about Rohms growing influence. Himmler wanted to replace the SA with his own SS
61
Who led the SS
Heinrich Himmler
62
How many people were murdered in the Night of the Long Knives
About 400 people
63
What were the results of the Night of the Long Knives
Hitler got rid of would-be opponents
The SA now had a minor role
After Hindenburg died in August 1934 the army leaders swore an oath of allegiance to Hitler, giving him unconditional obedience
64
How many people agreed with Hitlers actions to become Fuhrer
He called a referendum and more than 90 percent of the voters (38 million) agreed with his action
65
How did the Nazis create a police state through the use of different agencies
- The SS
- The Gestapo
- The SD
- Concentration Camps
66
How did the SS create a police state
- The SS were responsible for the removal of all opposition. By 1934, the SS had more than 50000 members, growing to 250,000 by 1939
67
How did the Gestapo create a police state
In 1936 the Gestapo came under the control of Himmler and the SS. It could arrest and imprison without trial those suspected of opposing the state. Only it had the power to send political opponents to concentration camps
68
How did the SD create a police state
the SD was the intelligence agency of the Nazi party under the command of Himmler. Its main aim was to find actual and potential enemies of the Nazi Party and ensure they were removed
69
How did concentration camps create a police state
Concentration camps detained prisoners and prisoners were classified into different groups each denoted by a different colour triangle. By 1939 there were more than 150,000 people under arrest for political offences
70
How did Nazis control the legal system
- All judges had to become members of the National Socialist League for the Maintenance of Law. This meant that Nazi views were upheld in court
- In 1934 the Peoples court was established to try cases of treason. The judges were loyal Nazis
- In October 1933 the German Lawyers Front was established. Lawyers had to swear that they would 'follow the course of the Fuhrer'. There were more than 10,000 members by the end of the year
71
Why was the catholic church a threat to Hitler
Catholics owed their first allegiance to the Pope, not Hitler. Hitler said that a person was either a Christian or a German - not both.
72
How did Hitler reduce the influence of the Church
In 1933 Hitler signed a Concordat agreeing not to interfere with the Catholic Church. In return, the Catholic Church agreed to stay out of politics
73
How did the protestant church support the Nazis
In 1933, Protestant groups which supported the Nazis united to form the 'Reich Church'
74
What did the Nazis use the organisations for women for
to ensure that the lives of all sections of society were controlled
75
What were the key organisations for women
- Young girls league (10-14)
- League of German Maidens (14-18)
- Faith and Beauty society (18-21)
- Women's front (+21)
76
How were women expected to work under Nazi control
Instead of going to work women were asked to follow the 'three Ks' ; Kinder, Kuche and Kirche - 'children, kitchen and church' . Women doctors, civil servants and teachers were forced to leave their jobs. After 1936 women could not become judges nor could they serve on juries.
77
How did the run up to the war affect the rules of women at work
As more men were were joining the army in 1937the Nazi regime needed more people to go to work. They removed the marriage loans and instead introduced the 'duty year' for all women entering employment. The number of women increased from 11.6 million in 1933 to 14.6 million in 1939
78
When was the first concentration camp for women and where
In October 1933 the Nazi opened the first concentration camp for women Moringen. Those sent to Moringen included, Jehova's witnesses, breakers of the Nuremberg laws, abortionists, those who made derogatory remarks about the Nazi regime, and Jews
79
How many prisoners were at Ravensbruck
By the end of 1939 there were more than two thousand prisoners at Ravensbruck and this included some 400 gypsies
80
How did the Nazis control the young through text books
Text books were rewritten to fit the Nazi view of history and racial purity. All textbooks had to be approved by the ministry of education
81
How was the Jewish people's education affected under Nazi control
In 1938 Jewish children were not allowed to attend German schools. Restrictions were placed on Jews going to university and many Jewish people weren't allowed to teach
82
What was the name for the school that the Nazis introduced and what did it do
The Napola schools (National Political Training Institutes) was designed for those who would be future leaders of the state, it took boys from the ages of 10-18. The SS took control of the Napola schools in 1936
83
How did the Nazis control the young through the Teachers
School teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and join the Nazi Teacher's league. By 1937, 97 percent of teachers had joined. teachers had to promote Nazi ideals in class and they were dismissed if they showed they weren't committed to Nazism. By 1936, 36 percent of teachers were members of the Nazi Party
84
How did the Nazis control the young through lessons
Lessons began and ended with the chikdren saluting saying 'Heil Hitler'. Maths problems dealt with social issues.
85
How did the Nazis control the young through curriculum
under the Nazis the school curriculum was changed to prepare students for their future roles. Hitler wanted healthy fit men and women, so 15% of time was devoted to physical education. Students were taught that Aryans were superior and should not marry inferior races such as Jews. Religious education became optional.
86
Who was the head of the Hitler Youth
Baldur von Schirach
87
What happened due to the Hitler youth
- All other youth organisations were banned
- From 1936 membership was compulsory although many people did not join
- By 1939 there were seven billion members
88
Example of Nazi Boy's organisations
- Little fellows
- German young people
- Hitler youth
89
How did Hitler reorganise the Nazi Party in the years 1924-1929
-Hitler divided the party into regions and appointed regional gauletiers answerable to only him
- Hitler befriended wealthy buisnessmen
- Hitler expanded the SA to 400,000 members by 1930
- In 1925 Hitler founded the SS as a personal bodyguard
- Goebbels was appointed as propaganda cheif
- The Nazis began to use modern technology such as media, and aeroplanes
- Hitler was promoted as the voice of the Nazi Party
- Nazi propaganda began to target farmers and middle classes rather than just urban workers
- Hitler founded the Hitler Youth, a youth group for out of school activities
90
Results for a April 1932 presidential elections
Hitler came second to Hindenburg who won 53% of votes whereas Hitler only one 36.8%
91
Results for July 1932 Reichstag elections
The Nazis became the largest party 230 seats. Hitler demanded to be made Chancellor but Papen remained.
92
when did hindenburg die
august 1934
93
When did Von Papen resign and who was appointed
In December 1932 Von Papen resigned and Hindenburg apointed Kurt Von Schleicher, an army general, as chancellor. Von Shleicher tried tio split the Nazis by asking a leading Nazi Gregor Strasser to be his Vice Chancellor. Hitler forced Strasser to decline.
94
By 1923 how many members did the Nazi Party have
By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before.
95
Why were German nationalists furious with the Weimar Government in 1923
In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and German nationalists were furious with the government.
96
How many men were working to build the autobahns
80,000 men
97
What was responsible for the bulk of economic growth
Rearmament was responsible for the bulk of economic growth between 1933 and 1938. Rearmament started almost as soon as Hitler came to power but was announced publicly in 1935. This created millions of jobs for German workers.
98
