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Biology-Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Amylase

A

: An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks
carbohydrates down into simple sugars.

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2
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
body.

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3
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart.

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4
Q

Benign Tumour

A

: An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and
does not invade other areas of the body.

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5
Q

Bile

A

: A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to
neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.

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6
Q

Blood

A

: A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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7
Q

Cancer

A

: A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to
uncontrolled growth and division.

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances

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9
Q

Cell

A

Basic building block of all living organisms

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10
Q

Communicable Disease

A

: A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly

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11
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

: A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits
inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms

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13
Q

Health

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

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14
Q

Heart

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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15
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into
fatty acids and glycerol.

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16
Q

Lock and Key hypothesis

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct
shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.

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17
Q

Malignant Tumour

A

: A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues
and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.

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18
Q

Meristem Tissue

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

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20
Q

Non-Communicable Disease

A

A disease which cannot be spread between
individuals.

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21
Q

Organs

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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22
Q

Organ System

A

Groups of organs that work together to form organisms

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23
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out
photosynthesis.

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24
Q

Phloem

A

A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars
from source to sink.

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25
Protease
An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into amino acids.
26
Pulmonary Artery
The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
27
Pulmonary Vein
The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.
28
Rate of reaction
The speed at which reactants are converted into products
29
Risk Factors
Something that increases a person’s risk of developing a disease.
30
Spongy Mesophyll
A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange
31
Statins
: A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
32
Stent
A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them open.
33
Tissues
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
34
Translocation
The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue.
35
Transpiration
The process of water evaporating from a plant.
36
Vein
A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.
37
Vena Cava
The main vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
38
Xylem
: A transport tissue in plants which is specialised to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves.
39
What are the hearts four chambers
The left and right atria and the left and right ventricle
40
Why is it called a double circulatory system
Because blood passes through the heart twice on each circuit.
41
Left pump goes to the
body
42
right pump goes to the
lungs
43
What is the pathway for oxygen into the blood
Air is breathed into the lungs through the trachea. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi. The bronchi divide to form bronchioles. The bronchioles divide until they end up in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
44
Alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries. This means that
they have a rich blood supply the distance that gasses need to diffuse across is small
45
What happens in the alveolus
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the lungs.
46
What can increase the rate of diffusion.
The concentration gradient The temperature Having a larger surface area
47
How is a red blood cell adapted to its function
has a biconcave shape which creates a a large surface area and allows for rapid diffusion. Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs. It does not have a nucleus which frees up space for haemoglobin. It is small in size which guarantees passage even through tiny capillaries.
48
where do waste products move out of the cell and into the blood
capillaries
49
differences between veins and arteries
veins have a wider cross section than arteries veins have valves veins have thinner walls than arteries
50
which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall
left ventricle
51
deoxygenated blood arrives at the lungs from the heart via which artery
pulmonary artery
52
deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart from the body via which vein
vena cava
53
two categories of risk factors
life style eg. an unbalanced diet or not enough exercise substances eg. chemicals inhaled when smoking
54
Why is it important for scientists to scrutinise the links between risk factors and the probability of getting certain diseases?
To ensure that it is actually the risk factor that is causing the disease and not something else altogether. Finding causal mechanisms is the way to prove a link
55
risk factor of cardiovascular disease
poor diet, smoking, lack of exercise
56
risk factor of type 2 diabetes
obesity
57
risk factor of liver and brain damage
excessive alcohol drinking
58
risk factor of lung disease and lung cancer
smoking
59
risk factor of cancer
ionising radiation that can damage cells
60
risk factor of low baby weight
smoking during pregnancy
61
risk factor of brain damage in babies
excessive alcohol drinking during pregnancy
62
leaky valves
leaky valves allow the backflow of blood. This forces your heart to do more work to circulate the same volume of blood. This creates a strain on the heart
63
valves that do not fully open
valves that do not fully open can obstruct blood flow. So a greater force is required to force the blood around the body. This adds strain on the heart.
64
fixing faulty valves
Animal or artificial valves can be inserted to replace faulty valves. Blood clots could happen
65
benefits of artificial hearts
-Unlikely to be rejected by the patients immune system so immunosuppressant drugs are unnecessary - also provides the heart with some rest to allow it to recover
66
Drawbacks of artificial hearts
-can result in long and expensive stays in hospital -can also cause blood clotting which could potentially lead to strokes
67
advantages and disadvantages of statins
-cheap to buy and do not require surgery but -may have side effects and patient has to remember to take them
68
advantages and disadvantages of stents
-used in cases where a donor organ is not available but -require a power supply and may eventually wear out and need replacing
69
advantages and disadvantages of transplants
-won't wear down and will function like the replaced organ but -require a suitable donor and immunosuppressants which can increase the risk of a patient getting another disease
70
examples of plant organs
roots reproductive structure stems leaves
71
stomata
found in the lower epidermis, these gaps facilitate the diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf, if they are open. When nescarcery specialised guard cells are capable of closing the gap.

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