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Biology-Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Amylase

A

: An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks
carbohydrates down into simple sugars.

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2
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
body.

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3
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart.

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4
Q

Benign Tumour

A

: An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and
does not invade other areas of the body.

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5
Q

Bile

A

: A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to
neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.

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6
Q

Blood

A

: A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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7
Q

Cancer

A

: A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to
uncontrolled growth and division.

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances

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9
Q

Cell

A

Basic building block of all living organisms

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10
Q

Communicable Disease

A

: A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly

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11
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

: A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits
inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms

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13
Q

Health

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

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14
Q

Heart

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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15
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into
fatty acids and glycerol.

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16
Q

Lock and Key hypothesis

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct
shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.

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17
Q

Malignant Tumour

A

: A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues
and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.

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18
Q

Meristem Tissue

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

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20
Q

Non-Communicable Disease

A

A disease which cannot be spread between
individuals.

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21
Q

Organs

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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22
Q

Organ System

A

Groups of organs that work together to form organisms

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23
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out
photosynthesis.

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24
Q

Phloem

A

A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars
from source to sink.

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25
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into
amino acids.

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26
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the
heart to the lungs.

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27
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart
from the lungs.

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28
Q

Rate of reaction

A

The speed at which reactants are converted into products

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29
Q

Risk Factors

A

Something that increases a person’s risk of developing a disease.

30
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange

31
Q

Statins

A

: A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which
slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.

32
Q

Stent

A

A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them
open.

33
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

34
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue.

35
Q

Transpiration

A

The process of water evaporating from a plant.

36
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.

37
Q

Vena Cava

A

The main vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from
the body.

38
Q

Xylem

A

: A transport tissue in plants which is specialised to transport water and
dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves.

39
Q

What are the hearts four chambers

A

The left and right atria and the left and right ventricle

40
Q

Why is it called a double circulatory system

A

Because blood passes through the heart twice on each circuit.

41
Q

Left pump goes to the

A

body

42
Q

right pump goes to the

A

lungs

43
Q

What is the pathway for oxygen into the blood

A

Air is breathed into the lungs through the trachea. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi. The bronchi divide to form bronchioles. The bronchioles divide until they end up in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

44
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries. This means that

A

they have a rich blood supply
the distance that gasses need to diffuse across is small

45
Q

What happens in the alveolus

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the lungs.

46
Q

What can increase the rate of diffusion.

A

The concentration gradient
The temperature
Having a larger surface area

47
Q

How is a red blood cell adapted to its function

A

has a biconcave shape which creates a a large surface area and allows for rapid diffusion.
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs.
It does not have a nucleus which frees up space for haemoglobin.
It is small in size which guarantees passage even through tiny capillaries.

48
Q

where do waste products move out of the cell and into the blood

A

capillaries

49
Q

differences between veins and arteries

A

veins have a wider cross section than arteries
veins have valves
veins have thinner walls than arteries

50
Q

which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall

A

left ventricle

51
Q

deoxygenated blood arrives at the lungs from the heart via which artery

A

pulmonary artery

52
Q

deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart from the body via which vein

A

vena cava

53
Q

two categories of risk factors

A

life style eg. an unbalanced diet or not enough exercise
substances eg. chemicals inhaled when smoking

54
Q

Why is it important for scientists to scrutinise the links between risk factors and the probability of getting certain diseases?

A

To ensure that it is actually the risk factor that is causing the disease and not something else altogether.
Finding causal mechanisms is the way to prove a link

55
Q

risk factor of cardiovascular disease

A

poor diet, smoking, lack of exercise

56
Q

risk factor of type 2 diabetes

A

obesity

57
Q

risk factor of liver and brain damage

A

excessive alcohol drinking

58
Q

risk factor of lung disease and lung cancer

A

smoking

59
Q

risk factor of cancer

A

ionising radiation that can damage cells

60
Q

risk factor of low baby weight

A

smoking during pregnancy

61
Q

risk factor of brain damage in babies

A

excessive alcohol drinking during pregnancy

62
Q

leaky valves

A

leaky valves allow the backflow of blood. This forces your heart to do more work to circulate the same volume of blood. This creates a strain on the heart

63
Q

valves that do not fully open

A

valves that do not fully open can obstruct blood flow. So a greater force is required to force the blood around the body. This adds strain on the heart.

64
Q

fixing faulty valves

A

Animal or artificial valves can be inserted to replace faulty valves. Blood clots could happen

65
Q

benefits of artificial hearts

A

-Unlikely to be rejected by the patients immune system so immunosuppressant drugs are unnecessary
- also provides the heart with some rest to allow it to recover

66
Q

Drawbacks of artificial hearts

A

-can result in long and expensive stays in hospital
-can also cause blood clotting which could potentially lead to strokes

67
Q

advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

-cheap to buy and do not require surgery
but
-may have side effects and patient has to remember to take them

68
Q

advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

-used in cases where a donor organ is not available
but
-require a power supply and may eventually wear out and need replacing

69
Q

advantages and disadvantages of transplants

A

-won’t wear down and will function like the replaced organ
but
-require a suitable donor and immunosuppressants which can increase the risk of a patient getting another disease

70
Q

examples of plant organs

A

roots
reproductive structure
stems
leaves

71
Q

stomata

A

found in the lower epidermis, these gaps facilitate the diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf, if they are open. When nescarcery specialised guard cells are capable of closing the gap.

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