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History English Rev 02 and 03 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Charles’ Relationship like with Buckingham

A

By 1620 he was the king’s constant companion and closest advisor, enjoying control of all royal patronage.
When James died Buckingham moved in as Charles’ closest adviser
Buckingham used his influence to enrich his family It is likely that he and James were in a homosexual relationship
Buckingham persuaded Charles to go to war
Exerted a great deal of influence over both James and Charles up to his death in 1628

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2
Q

Charles’s attitude to divine right

A

Like James he believed in the divine right but unlike James felt that it should be practiced, took the idea of divine right much more literally
Parliament’s rights and privileges were subject to the will of the monarch
Led to a fear of Absolutism

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3
Q

Charles’ attitude to criticism

A

Charles found it difficult to accept criticism - he found it difficult to take a detached view of relationships with his counsellors
Took refuge in the appearance of certainty
Took refuge in formality and ceremony
Equated criticism with malice and treason
Relied heavily on those he could trust – Buckingham and Henrietta Maria

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4
Q

Examples of how Charles’ hatred of criticism harmed his reign

A

Two of James’ most capable ministers, Archbishop Abbott and Lord Keeper Williams found it almost impossible to function under the new king due to his animosity. Charles deprived himself of worldly-wise advice

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5
Q

How did Charles’ attitude to criticism benefit him

A

His strong sense of loyalty helped to limit the extent of faction fighting in court for example in 1626 when the King stood by the Duke of Buckingham in spite of concerted efforts to topple him, providing leading opponents the choice to forfeit their court office or abandon their campaign, where most chose the latter.

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6
Q

Charles’ attitude to communication

A

A poor public speaker his speeches were short and brooked no
argument - perhaps due to his stammer
He was seen as unapproachable
Intentions and actions were often left unexplained leaving others to interpret
Could be devious and dishonest in dealing with people

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7
Q

What is Arminianism

A

Accepted Protestant principles that people are saved through Scripture, Faith and Grace of God yet abandoned ideas of calvinism and put forward the idea that people could reject god. A little problematic as it is sympathetic of catholicism

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8
Q

When did Charles and Maria’s relationship first begin

A

Following failure of the Spanish Match a pro-French policy was developed
In 1624 Charles was engaged to Henrietta Maria and married her in 1625

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9
Q

Why did Henrietta Maria’s religion cause suspicion and make her unpopular?

A

She was very passionate about catholicism and therefore had the ability to wield open political power and catholic ideologies through the King - devout catholic
Henrietta had a strong impetus to promote catholicism in England as the pope himself had asked her to advocate the religion in her new kingdom
Henrietta wanted to be Esther, freeing her people through her influence

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10
Q

How did Henrietta Maria attempt to implement Catholicism in England

A

On 8 December 1635 Maria opened a new chapel, the feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary - represented the queen’s terror and danger to protestantism
After Laud stridently issued a proclamation against those resorting to Mass the queen belligerent responded by holding a special midnight mass for all converts.

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11
Q

How did Charles’ and Maria’s relationship shift after George Villiers death

A
  • Henrietta Maria hated Buckingham and detested his power over husband
    When George Villiers died Charles and Maria’s marriage flourished and became close and loving after sharing interests in art and architecture
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12
Q

What was the aristocracy

A

Eldest member of the family sat in the House of Lords
Traditionally attended Court, advised kings and commanded armies

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13
Q

What is the gentry

A

Vital to the running of the country outside of London as Justices of the Peace and SheriffsIn theory old families with a coat of arms, but not a hereditary title

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14
Q

How were women perceived in 17th Century England

A

Women were known as the
Legally women were second class citizens:
No vote
In theory could not inherit or own land
Arranged marriages in the upper class

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15
Q

How did Parliament view the divine right

A

Parliament were protestant so did not believe in hierarchy therefore don’t believe in the divine right as they don’t believe the king is superior to the people. They believed one should be able to challenge the king

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16
Q

The King’s view on the royal prerogative

A

He believed that as the monarch was head of the church he was able to appoint Bishops and decide on the way the church of England held it’s ceremonies and its doctrines,

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17
Q

Parliament’s view on royal prerogatives

A

Believed that royal proclamations should not override common law as they believed the king does not have the right to decide what matters are discussed

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18
Q

King’s view on royal finances

A

The King often disagreed with parliament about the way they collect tax

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19
Q

Parliament’s view on royal finances

A

Parliament believed that they ha the right to deal with taxes and believed he king should live off his own money

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20
Q

Parliaments view on parliament privilege

A

Parliament saw their privileges as a way to control and almost out way the king’s power

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21
Q

What the two principal ways in which the royal court carried out it’s function

A
  • By making available royal patronage both in the concrete shape of grants of offices and the less tangible form of royal support and influence
  • By acting as a forum for political debate
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22
Q

Reasons that would back up the argument that Buckingham had influence over Charles

A

Villiers’ influence extended beyond the king’s favour; he played a significant role in political and military affairs, including the negotiation of royal marriages and leading military expeditions.

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23
Q

Reasons that would challenge the argument that Buckingham had influence of Charles

A

Members of the political nation were accustomed to obey orders and the monarch still remained at the head of the church

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24
Q

Why did tensions between Charles and his parliament increase

A
  • House of commons demanded the right to express itself on matters hitherto had been regarded as the concern souly of the monarch
  • Parliament saw important the establishment of special parliament privileges
  • The house of commons aimed to free itself from royal control and to claim the right to be consulted in the initiation of government policy
  • Charles was resistant to parliament’s increasing control
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24
Q

Reasons as to why parliamentary tensions may not increased under Charles

A
  • Parliament played an active role under Richard II and Henry IV, claiming to control the crown’s finances and ministers
  • The Crown relied on parliament to gauge opinion in the local communities as they acted as a ‘point of contact’ to the country
  • No evidence that Charles wanted to rule permanently without parliament
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25
Q

How many times did Charles dismiss parliament and when

A

Charles dismissed parliament three times between 1625-29 and did not recall it for eleven years after 1629 - difficult to argue that this is temporary

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26
Q

Difference between James’ relationship to Buckingham compared to Charles’

A

James never became to reliant on Buckingham politically as he was too certain on his own judgement to wish to abdicate his authority there was a huge shift in Charles’ court however as he relied hugely on Buckingham’s political advisor

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27
Q

How did court work after Buckingham’s assassination

A

Court was the scene of faction fighting as every politician strived to become the King’s favourite.
May have been a good thing as it allowed for differing beliefs to be heard - acted as a forum for political debater
Bad thing as it threatened the stability of court - shown at the end of Elizabeth’s reign in the struggle between Cecil and Essex

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28
Q

When was Buckingham assasinated

A

August 1628

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29
Q

What was the membership of the privy council in 1630

A

By 1630 it had 42 members however the active membership was a lot smaller than the nominal total

30
Q

How did James’ court differ from Buckingham’s

A

James’ court was a very open and positive place , where he was open to discussions with his courtiers and accepting of a range of ideologies.
This open view on politics however led to faction fighting as the Scotts appeared to dominate his bed chamber.
Buckingham’s court
- Charles’ court however was very isolated as he imposed strict order over his court. His court was only made up of his own supporters. Formed an echo chamber of his own opinions - the court no longer acted as a means of communication between court and country often leading to misunderstanding
- The court was dominated by catholics and arminians - caused further political tensions as Catholicism was seen as a form of absolutism
- ‘Conspiracy Mentality’ developed
- A breakdown in communication between court and country where the more Puritan inclined gentry believed that court was tainted by Catholicism
- Meanwhile, Charles believed that radical Puritans were determined to infringe on his prerogative

31
Q

Evidence of the division between court and country under Charles II

A

Charles ordered for the gentry to spend less time in London and more
time in their regions meaning they could not cooperate
One member of the gentry, William Palmer, was fined £1000 in 1632 for remaining in London without royal permission

32
Q

Charles and the arts and evidence of this

A

Charles was a key patron and connoisseur of the arts
The Banqueting House hosted Charles’ favourite entertainment - the
masque- a mix of operetta and theatre.
Spent more time and energy in the 1630s developing an impressive art collection than any other activity
Once, when engaged in critical and delicate negotiations over support for the palatine, Viscount Dorchester found him rearranging his busts of Roman emperors

33
Q

What were common themes explored in the masques

A

A common theme was disorder in the land, which is transformed into
order at the appearance of the King and Queen. The masques also depicted the court’s self absorption and glory.

34
Q

How much money did it cost to support the royal household

A

Supporting the household accounted for more than 40% of royal expenditure

35
Q

How was Charles’ court physically divided

A

Charles’ court was divided into the King’s side and the queen’s side horizontally.

36
Q

Why were Maria and Charles eager gardeners

A

They believed it symbolised aristocratic ownership and control of the earth and it’s fruits

37
Q

What was significant about Charles buying the Duke of Mantua’s collection

A

It was the biggest single picture purchase by an English sovereign evidencing his profligate lifestyle

38
Q

Why was Charles’s patronage of the arts an issue for the public

A

William Prynne saw Charles’ negotiation with Bernini, Catholic artist, as part of a plot to ‘seduce the King with pictures, antiquities, image and other vanities brought from Rome’
Masques were seen as expensive and immoral imports from France and Italy

39
Q

Example of how foreign policy in 1620s led to political tensions in court (Habsburgs)

A

Charles was anxious to play a full part in the struggle against the Habsburgs and to secure restoration of his brother, Frederick of Palatinate. However, the policy which had been followed was not one that the commons had agreed to pay for.
All that the commons would offer was two subsidies worth £140,000
The parliament was more aggressively pro-protestant and Charles was anti-Habsburg policy

40
Q

How much money did England spend preparing the navy for way

A

Altogether about £500,000 had been spent preparing the navy for war. Buckingham, as lord admiral, received much of the blame for England’s ‘defeat’

41
Q

What was the effect of Charles’s foreign policy on parliament

A

Foreign policy poisoned Charles’s relations with his first three parliaments, as his lack of direction at the start of his reign was compounded by bungled military expedition at appalling expense

42
Q

Evidence of the effect of Charles’s foreign policy on parliament

A

Parliament was unwilling to vote large sums of money only to see them frittered away without anything being achieved, in turn the inadequacy of the sums voted made defeat much more likely. The lack of adequate finance drove the king to find money by whatever means he could even if that created further conflict with parliament

43
Q

Views on Buckingham towards the end of his life

A

By 1628 public opinion towards Buckingham reached new heights of disgust - there were only 100 mourners at Buckingham’s funeral

44
Q

The effect of Buckingham’s death on the King

A

Charles blamed parliament for Buckingham’s death. Initially Charles was determined to continue with Buckingham’s plans, the fleet set out in Autumn with the same bungled result as before
La Rochelle eventually fell to the tones of the French King in October 1628 - The effect of Buckingham’s death is significant as it leaves Charles exposed, he will now be identified with failure.

45
Q

Consequences of England’s failure in the thirty year wars

A

The wars were poorly planned, financed and execute which meant they never stood a chancer at success. They were a national humiliation and lost legitimacy for the state

46
Q

Tensions in parliament in 1625

A

When Charles became King he called for a new parliament to obtain money for the war against Spain, the commons were anxious to show their loyalty to Charles so voted for two subsidies (about £140,000) which Charles deemed as inadequate - Charles did not seek to work parliament

47
Q

How did the Arminian beliefs benefit Charles’ rule

A

Because of their stress on obedience to authority Arminians tended to support the royal prerogative, it mirrored his own concern with obedience, order and hierarchy. Personally and politically Arminianism fulfilled his needs. - This shows the importance of religion and it’s links to political thinking meaning it could widen and deepen Charles’ authority

48
Q

Parliament’s religious views

A
  • Calvinists (gives another dimension to political disputes)
  • Parliament sees Charles’ leanings towards authority as resulting from arminianism
  • Religious divisions gave the disputes between King and Commons a greater depth a new bitterness
49
Q

Evidence of Charles’ ability to override Parliament’s actions

A

Mainwaring (Arminiast MP) was impeached, fined, imprisoned and bared from office but after only a few weeks Charles pardoned him and gave him a new living - such actions undermined parliament’s trust in Charles as protector of their rights

50
Q

What religious issues angered the commons and reactions

A

The commons could see that mass was being openly celebrated at court
Charges of heterodoxy were made against Laud and a fellow Arminian Bishop Neilie
One MP, Francis Rous made a speech linking Arminianism with Catholicism ‘an Arminian is the spawn of a papist’

51
Q

How did Charles act under parliament in 1625

A

Charles continued to collect customs duties without parliamentary sanction because he couldn’t give up nearly half of his ordinary income when faced with major war
MPs were angry when dismissed and called back, they blamed Buckingham - the King saw this as an attack on his authority and dissolved parliament

52
Q

Outcome of Parliament 1625

A

Charles felt betrayed - resented attacks on Buckingham , angry that parliament failed to finance a war they approved of
Commons were bewildered by the King’s refusal to negotiate with them in the usual way

53
Q

Tensions in Parliament in 1625

A

In Autumn 1625 - failure of the expedition to Cadiz - Parliament blamed Buckingham to avert the threat to his friend, Charles dissolved Parliament which left the war effort in a desperate financial predicament

54
Q

When was the forced loan

A

In 1625 a forced loan worth two subsidies had been revived on Charles’ richer subjects.
In 1626 it was decided to levy another forced loan worth 5 subsidies - parliamentary taxation that had not been agreed by parliament
By the end of 1627 over £260,000 had been played which removed the threat of immediate bankruptcy from the crown

55
Q

How did Charles justify the introduction of the forced loan

A

Charles did not understand the effect of his actions he needed forced loans because he had mismanaged parliament

56
Q

Economic situation in 1627

A

By 1627 the economic situation was still very poor, Charles received a loan from the city of London by selling £350,000 worth of crown lands however as foreign policy costs continued to mount Charles’ had no alternative to call another parliament

57
Q

How was the forced loan a threat to parliaments power

A
  • The loan was seen as attacking the fundamental right that taxation had to be agreed by parliament which also acted as the defender of liberties
  • If the king could raise money without parliament then all other liberties were at risk
  • King was now not only taxing without consent but also imprisoning at his pleasure
  • The King did not respect common law practice
  • 76 MPs were imprisoned for refusing to pay the loan
58
Q

What was the crown and the commons relationship like in the years 1628-29

A
  • The commons aimed to take a more conciliatory approach with the King
  • Parliament offered him 5 subsidies and agreed to grant him tonnage and poundage.
59
Q

What was the petition right

A

The commons wanted to safeguard their liberties as a result to the forced loan and therefore decided to present a joint petition with the lords to the king

60
Q

What did the petition right ask for the end to

A
  • Parliamentary taxation
  • Imprisonment without cause
  • Billeting
  • Martial law
61
Q

How did Charles respond to the petition right

A

Charles did not want restrictions from his freedom of action but he accepted the petition with reluctance

62
Q

Why did Parliament introduce the Petition right

A

They saw themselves as upholding tradition and common law.
- They did not believe they were acting in an innovative manner

63
Q

What did debates over petition rights show

A

Showed deep alienation from the court from the court

64
Q

Who did parliament believe was the cause of their treatment

A

Parliament was united in the belief that “the Duke of Buckingham is the cause of all our miseries”

65
Q

What was the common’s remonstrance

A

The commons drew up a remonstrance identifying the threats that faced them including innovation in religion, total reliance on Buckingham and judgement of God in court.
This shows the potent conflation of religion and politics

66
Q

When did Charles adjourn parliament and why

A

Charles adjourned parliament in June after the second remonstrance from parliament

67
Q

Significance of Buckingham’s death for parliament

A

There was no longer an obvious target for those who disliked royal policy.
The public start to realise that the real driver of these policies was Charles.

68
Q

Parliamentary tensions in 1629

A

Parliamentary tensions in 1629 was dominated by Arminianism and tonnage and poundage
Abbot (puritan Archbishop of Canterbury) was readmitted to the council, but this was not enough to reassure parliament
- Growth of destrust in the King’s sense of honour in parliament

69
Q

What grew parliaments distrust in the King

A

The printed version of the petition of rights contained Charles’ initial, unsatisfactory reply, weakened the authority of the petition

70
Q

What led to parliament being dissolved in 1629

A

Sir John Elliot read 3 resolutions in court without the King’s consent which led to the dissolution of parliament

71
Q

How did the role of parliament change under Charles

A

The house of commons had become a severed critic of the government and the king no longer considered it worth the struggle to win its approval
The lack of royal leadership coupled with parliament innovatory policies (went beyond the bounds of tradition) strained relations between king and commons

72
Q
A

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