History English Rev 02 and 03 Flashcards

Question

Reasons as to why parliamentary tensions may not increased under Charles

Answer 1

- Parliament played an active role under Richard II and Henry IV, claiming to control the crown's finances and ministers - The Crown relied on parliament to gauge opinion in the local communities as they acted as a 'point of contact' to the country - No evidence that Charles wanted to rule permanently without parliament

Answer 2

Charles dismissed parliament three times between 1625-29 and did not recall it for eleven years after 1629 - difficult to argue that this is temporary

Answer 3

James never became to reliant on Buckingham politically as he was too certain on his own judgement to wish to abdicate his authority there was a huge shift in Charles' court however as he relied hugely on Buckingham's political advisor

Answer 4

Court was the scene of faction fighting as every politician strived to become the King's favourite. May have been a good thing as it allowed for differing beliefs to be heard - acted as a forum for political debater Bad thing as it threatened the stability of court - shown at the end of Elizabeth's reign in the struggle between Cecil and Essex

Answer 5

August 1628

Answer 6

By 1630 it had 42 members however the active membership was a lot smaller than the nominal total

Answer 7

James' court was a very open and positive place , where he was open to discussions with his courtiers and accepting of a range of ideologies. This open view on politics however led to faction fighting as the Scotts appeared to dominate his bed chamber. Buckingham's court - Charles' court however was very isolated as he imposed strict order over his court. His court was only made up of his own supporters. Formed an echo chamber of his own opinions - the court no longer acted as a means of communication between court and country often leading to misunderstanding - The court was dominated by catholics and arminians - caused further political tensions as Catholicism was seen as a form of absolutism - ‘Conspiracy Mentality’ developed - A breakdown in communication between court and country where the more Puritan inclined gentry believed that court was tainted by Catholicism - Meanwhile, Charles believed that radical Puritans were determined to infringe on his prerogative

Answer 8

Charles ordered for the gentry to spend less time in London and more time in their regions meaning they could not cooperate One member of the gentry, William Palmer, was fined £1000 in 1632 for remaining in London without royal permission

Answer 9

Charles was a key patron and connoisseur of the arts The Banqueting House hosted Charles' favourite entertainment - the masque- a mix of operetta and theatre. Spent more time and energy in the 1630s developing an impressive art collection than any other activity Once, when engaged in critical and delicate negotiations over support for the palatine, Viscount Dorchester found him rearranging his busts of Roman emperors

Answer 10

A common theme was disorder in the land, which is transformed into order at the appearance of the King and Queen. The masques also depicted the court's self absorption and glory.

Answer 11

Supporting the household accounted for more than 40% of royal expenditure

Answer 12

Charles' court was divided into the King's side and the queen's side horizontally.

Answer 13

They believed it symbolised aristocratic ownership and control of the earth and it's fruits

Answer 14

It was the biggest single picture purchase by an English sovereign evidencing his profligate lifestyle

Answer 15

William Prynne saw Charles' negotiation with Bernini, Catholic artist, as part of a plot to 'seduce the King with pictures, antiquities, image and other vanities brought from Rome' Masques were seen as expensive and immoral imports from France and Italy

Answer 16

Charles was anxious to play a full part in the struggle against the Habsburgs and to secure restoration of his brother, Frederick of Palatinate. However, the policy which had been followed was not one that the commons had agreed to pay for. All that the commons would offer was two subsidies worth £140,000 The parliament was more aggressively pro-protestant and Charles was anti-Habsburg policy

Answer 17

Altogether about £500,000 had been spent preparing the navy for war. Buckingham, as lord admiral, received much of the blame for England's 'defeat'

Answer 18

Foreign policy poisoned Charles's relations with his first three parliaments, as his lack of direction at the start of his reign was compounded by bungled military expedition at appalling expense

Answer 19

Parliament was unwilling to vote large sums of money only to see them frittered away without anything being achieved, in turn the inadequacy of the sums voted made defeat much more likely. The lack of adequate finance drove the king to find money by whatever means he could even if that created further conflict with parliament

Answer 20

By 1628 public opinion towards Buckingham reached new heights of disgust - there were only 100 mourners at Buckingham's funeral

Answer 21

Charles blamed parliament for Buckingham's death. Initially Charles was determined to continue with Buckingham's plans, the fleet set out in Autumn with the same bungled result as before La Rochelle eventually fell to the tones of the French King in October 1628 - The effect of Buckingham's death is significant as it leaves Charles exposed, he will now be identified with failure.

Answer 22

The wars were poorly planned, financed and execute which meant they never stood a chancer at success. They were a national humiliation and lost legitimacy for the state

Answer 23

When Charles became King he called for a new parliament to obtain money for the war against Spain, the commons were anxious to show their loyalty to Charles so voted for two subsidies (about £140,000) which Charles deemed as inadequate - Charles did not seek to work parliament

Answer 24

Because of their stress on obedience to authority Arminians tended to support the royal prerogative, it mirrored his own concern with obedience, order and hierarchy. Personally and politically Arminianism fulfilled his needs. - This shows the importance of religion and it's links to political thinking meaning it could widen and deepen Charles' authority

Answer 25

- Calvinists (gives another dimension to political disputes) - Parliament sees Charles' leanings towards authority as resulting from arminianism - Religious divisions gave the disputes between King and Commons a greater depth a new bitterness

Answer 26

Mainwaring (Arminiast MP) was impeached, fined, imprisoned and bared from office but after only a few weeks Charles pardoned him and gave him a new living - such actions undermined parliament's trust in Charles as protector of their rights

Answer 27

The commons could see that mass was being openly celebrated at court Charges of heterodoxy were made against Laud and a fellow Arminian Bishop Neilie One MP, Francis Rous made a speech linking Arminianism with Catholicism 'an Arminian is the spawn of a papist'

Answer 28

Charles continued to collect customs duties without parliamentary sanction because he couldn't give up nearly half of his ordinary income when faced with major war MPs were angry when dismissed and called back, they blamed Buckingham - the King saw this as an attack on his authority and dissolved parliament

Answer 29

Charles felt betrayed - resented attacks on Buckingham , angry that parliament failed to finance a war they approved of Commons were bewildered by the King's refusal to negotiate with them in the usual way

Answer 30

In Autumn 1625 - failure of the expedition to Cadiz - Parliament blamed Buckingham to avert the threat to his friend, Charles dissolved Parliament which left the war effort in a desperate financial predicament

Answer 31

In 1625 a forced loan worth two subsidies had been revived on Charles' richer subjects. In 1626 it was decided to levy another forced loan worth 5 subsidies - parliamentary taxation that had not been agreed by parliament By the end of 1627 over £260,000 had been played which removed the threat of immediate bankruptcy from the crown

Answer 32

Charles did not understand the effect of his actions he needed forced loans because he had mismanaged parliament

Answer 33

By 1627 the economic situation was still very poor, Charles received a loan from the city of London by selling £350,000 worth of crown lands however as foreign policy costs continued to mount Charles' had no alternative to call another parliament

Answer 34

- The loan was seen as attacking the fundamental right that taxation had to be agreed by parliament which also acted as the defender of liberties - If the king could raise money without parliament then all other liberties were at risk - King was now not only taxing without consent but also imprisoning at his pleasure - The King did not respect common law practice - 76 MPs were imprisoned for refusing to pay the loan

Answer 35

- The commons aimed to take a more conciliatory approach with the King - Parliament offered him 5 subsidies and agreed to grant him tonnage and poundage.

Answer 36

The commons wanted to safeguard their liberties as a result to the forced loan and therefore decided to present a joint petition with the lords to the king

Answer 37

- Parliamentary taxation - Imprisonment without cause - Billeting - Martial law

Answer 38

Charles did not want restrictions from his freedom of action but he accepted the petition with reluctance

Answer 39

They saw themselves as upholding tradition and common law. - They did not believe they were acting in an innovative manner

Answer 40

Showed deep alienation from the court from the court

Answer 41

Parliament was united in the belief that "the Duke of Buckingham is the cause of all our miseries"

Answer 42

The commons drew up a remonstrance identifying the threats that faced them including innovation in religion, total reliance on Buckingham and judgement of God in court. This shows the potent conflation of religion and politics

Answer 43

Charles adjourned parliament in June after the second remonstrance from parliament

Answer 44

There was no longer an obvious target for those who disliked royal policy. The public start to realise that the real driver of these policies was Charles.

Answer 45

Parliamentary tensions in 1629 was dominated by Arminianism and tonnage and poundage Abbot (puritan Archbishop of Canterbury) was readmitted to the council, but this was not enough to reassure parliament - Growth of destrust in the King's sense of honour in parliament

Answer 46

The printed version of the petition of rights contained Charles' initial, unsatisfactory reply, weakened the authority of the petition

Answer 47

Sir John Elliot read 3 resolutions in court without the King's consent which led to the dissolution of parliament

Answer 48

The house of commons had become a severed critic of the government and the king no longer considered it worth the struggle to win its approval The lack of royal leadership coupled with parliament innovatory policies (went beyond the bounds of tradition) strained relations between king and commons