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Biology - Infetion and response Flashcards

1
Q

How are infections caused

A

When a foreign pathogen invades an organism

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2
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill

A

Viruses are tiny non-living particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body. They invade host cells and use them to make new virus particles. Once the new virus particles are made, they cause the cell to burst. The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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3
Q

How does bacteria make us feel ill.

A

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins. The toxins released by bacteria can damage the cells and tissues, making us feel ill.

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4
Q

What is fungi

A

Some fungi are single celled organisms that have a body made up of hyphae. the hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissue, such as human skin or the surface of plants. The hyphae produce spores that can spread to other plants and animals.

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5
Q

How do protists make us feel ill

A

protists are single celled eukaryotes. Many are parasites, meaning they live on or inside other organisms. They are often transferred to the host organism by a vector such as insects or mosquitos. They make us feel ill by damaging our tissue.

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6
Q

4 ways to stop a disease from spreading

A

Vaccination
Isolation
Disease vectors
Hygiene

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7
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

Pathogen that affects plants such as tomatoes. They cause discolouration and stunt growth in plant as photosynthesis cannot take place.

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8
Q

What is HIV

A

HIV is spread through sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids. It causes flu-like symptoms however unless antiretroviral drugs are taken successfully, HIV virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune system.

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9
Q

What is measles

A

Virus that can be spread by inhaling droplets. It causes a fever and red skin and can be fatal therefore most young children are vaccinated against it.

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10
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

Sexually transmitted disease that causes pain when urinating and a thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis. Barrier methods include contraception such as condoms which can stop the bacteria spreading from person to person.

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11
Q

What is salmonella

A

disease we may get from food that has not been cooked properly or has been prepared in unhygienic conditions. Causes stomach pain, fever, vomiting and diarrhoea

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12
Q

What is rose black spot

A

Can be spread through water or air (wind). Causes purple or black spots on leaf of rose plants and eventually the leaves discolour and fall off. Makes it harder for the leaves to photosynthesise and so plant growth is slower. Must destroy and remove the discoloured leaves and use fungicides.

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13
Q

Examples of non-specific defenses of the body

A

Skin
Stomach acid
Mucus
Tears

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14
Q

How does skin fulfill its purpose of a non-specific defense

A

-waterproof barrier that pathogons cannot pass through
-good bacteria permanently live on the skin which covering the surface and preventing pathogens from growing on our skin.

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15
Q

How does the stomach fulfil its purpose of a non-specific defense

A

-glands in stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid, which destroys any pathogens in the stomach

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16
Q

How does mucus fulfil its purpose of a non-specific defense

A

Produced in the respiratory system and traps particles and bacteria from entering our airways

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17
Q

How do tears fulfil its purpose of a non-specific defense

A

contain enzymes that destroy any pathogens that make contact with our eye

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18
Q

what do anti toxins do

A

the immune system responds to toxins from bacteria by producing anti-toxins which neutralize the toxins and prevent them from causing harm

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19
Q

What are antibodies

A

White blood cells recognize foreign antigens (proteins) on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies. antibodies are specific to particular pathogens

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20
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

White blood cells find the pathogen and engulf it by changing shape. The white blood cell ingests and digests the pathogen, destroying it.

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21
Q

How do memory cells work

A

Some white blood cells remain in the blood as memory cells from. If the same pathogen was to invade the body again the memory cells are able to produce antibodies faster , produce more antibodies, meaning that the antibody concentration remains in the body for longer

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22
Q

Why do antibiotics not work on viruses

A

viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells

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23
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

Destroying cell membranes of the bacteria so that they cannot replicate

24
Q

how do doctors stop antibiotics resistance

A

doctors should only prescribe antibiotics if they are needed and not for minor infections or viral infections. patients should complete their course of antibiotics to ensure all bacteria are killed

25
Q

How were drugs extracted before

A

before most drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms

26
Q

how are drugs extracted nowadays

A

nowadays most drugs are synthesised in the pharmaceutical industry

27
Q

what are painkillers used for

A

used or relieve pain caused by an infection but do not cure diseases or kill pathogens

28
Q

What is carried out in preclinical testing

A

Scientists carry out early stage testing on cells and tissues. They also carry out stage testing on live animals which is useful for working out toxicity

29
Q

What is carried out in clinical testing

A

Scientists test drugs on health volunteers or patients to check how safe the drug is. The dose is usually low

30
Q

how can plants suffer from ion deficiency

A

most plants gain their minerals from the soil. But if the soil quality is poor , plants can suffer from ion deficiency

31
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll. If there is a lack of magnesium then the plant cannot photosynthesise well. This means that it cannot produce the glucose needed for healthy growth. When magnesium is absent plant leaves are yellow

32
Q

Nitrate deficiency

A

Nitrates are needed for the production and synthesis of proteins. Without proteins plants cannot grow. This means that a nitrate deficiency causes stunt growth

33
Q

plant defences

A

mechanical defences
chemical defences
physical defences

34
Q

signs of plant disease

A

presence of pests
spots on leaves
growths
malformed stems or leaves
areas of decay
discolouration
stunted growth

35
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to

A

one binding site on one protein antigen

36
Q

what are some uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

treating cancer
testing for HIV
testing for pregnancy

37
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented

A
  • Being hygienic
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolation
  • Vaccination
38
Q

What do vaccinations involve

A

Injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens. These carry antigens which cause your body to attack them - even though the pathogen is harmless.

39
Q

How do vaccinations prevent infection

A

White blood cells know how to fight of the pathogen and therefore next time it enters the blood stream, white blood cells can massively reproduce antibodies to kill off the pathogen.

40
Q

Pros of vaccinations

A
  • Helped to control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK
  • Big outbreaks of disease can be prevented if a laege percentage of people are vaccinated
  • Provides herd immunity
41
Q

Herd immunity

A

Even people who aren’t vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because there are fewer people passing it on

42
Q

Cons of vaccination

A
  • Doesn’t always work
  • Can have a bad reaction to a vaccine
43
Q

What does it mean if a bacteria is resistant to antibiotics

A

When you treat the infection only the none resistants strains will be killed.

44
Q

How does antibiotic resistance work

A

Bacteria can mutate - sometimes cayuse them to be resistant to an antibiotic. The individual resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, and the population of the resistant strain will increase.

45
Q

What is Asprin used for

A

Painkiller to lower fever. Developed from a chemical found in willow.

46
Q

What is Digitalis

A

Used to treat heart conditions. Was developed from a chemical found in foxglove

47
Q

What is the difference in how drugs are made now compared to before

A

They are now made on a large scale in the pharmaceutical industry. Before they were extracted from a lab

48
Q

Why do plants need nitrates

A

To make proteins and therefore for growth a lack of nitrates leads to stunted growth

49
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions

A

Needed for making chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis. Plants without enough magnesium suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves

50
Q

Common signs of plant diseases

A
  • Stunted growth
  • Abnormal growths
  • Spots on leaves
  • Malformed stems or leaves
  • Patches of decay
  • Discolouration
51
Q

How can plant diseases be identified

A
  • Looking up signs in a gardening manual
  • Taking the infected plant to a laboratory
  • Using testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies
52
Q

Physical defences of plants

A
  • Waxy cuticle - provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering
  • Plant cells have cell walls that form a barrier against pathogens that make it past the waxy cuticle
  • Layers of dead cells around their stems, for example the outer part of the bark on trees
53
Q

Chemical defences of plants

A
  • Some produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria
  • Other plants produce poisons which can deter herbivores
54
Q

Mechanical defences of plants

A
  • Thorns and hairs which stop animals from touching and eating them
  • Droop or curls which knock inserts away
    Some plants can mimic other organisms
55
Q
A

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