week2 drugs Flashcards
dopamine
little dose: vasodilation (activates DA1, inhibitory vascular mesenteric and renal R)
medium dose: vasodilation+muscle contractibility (also help release endogenous NE that activates beta1 receptor)
high dose: vasorestriction
Clinical use: heart failure and cardiogenic shock
Acute renal failure (but not effective in cats which have little DA1 R)
adverse effect: excessive dose –> tachycardia and vasoconstriction; tissue necrosis
prapanolol
beta 1 receptor blocker
reduce the effect caused by dopamine or other catacholamines that increase muscle contractility
Phenoxybonzamine
alpha blcoker (can inhibit dopamine effect)
haloperidol
DA1 antagonist
reduce the effect of vasodilation caused by dopamine
Fenoldopam
specific for DA1 agoinst
vasodilating, treatment of renal failure (renal blood flow increases so accelerating toxin release), a lower BP
Reserpine
depleting adrenergic neurons of their stores of NE
Tyramine
increases the release of NE
dobutamine
Direct effect
- 左旋右旋mixture。
- 右旋主要是β1、β2的agonist,同時也是α1的antagonist;左旋是α1的antagonist,對β1、β2的效應非常差。
- 左旋、右旋isomers的比例會影響其藥效
synthetic catecholamines that evoke a positive inotropic response in the heart by activating beta1 receptor (in dog both b1 and b2 receptors are activated)
improve cardiac performance
better for low-ouput heart failure because it mainly target ionotropic effect instead of increasing heart rate at the same time
IV infusion
半衰期只有2分鐘,多用CRI的方式,監測數據來作為投藥依據,對心臟病患者比較好,減少心臟的負荷
- 對獸醫來講,除了狗以外,其他種別的使用情況、藥物動力學並不清楚,仍需加強。
- 主動脈狹窄動物不能使用
- 此藥需要新鮮配製,配製超過24小時,顏色會從淡粉色加深,顏色改變並不明顯影響藥效,但大多時候看到顏色改變就不敢使用。
Tachyphylaxis
an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration; i.e. a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance.
Amphetamine
USP: amphetamine sulface: prononced CNS effect and stimulating both peripheral alpha and beta receptors by inducing release of NE
l-isomer: more active pressor agent while d-isomer is CNS stimulant
clincal use in vet: now inhibited; past used to overcome resp. depressant effect caused by barbiturates overdose as it can increase both the rate and depth of the respiration
給藥方式: Topical,使血管收縮、氣管擴張、散瞳、減少分泌。
Methamphetamine (甲基安非他命)、Hydroxyamphetamine都有類似藥效。可進到中樞,產生中樞興奮
Phenylephrine
USP: phenylephrine hydrochloride
- lack the 4- OH group; similar to E
MOA: directly act on a1 receptor --> vasoconstriction –> reflex-mediated heart slowing; but no effect on heart
less potent but longer duration than NE
Adminsitration:
- parenteral(注射)、oral、topical
- topical:散瞳、decongestant(減充血劑)
- oral:血管加壓、陣發性心房心搏過速(paroxysmal atrial tachycardia)(作用機制似NE,壓力在心跳一下後,很快就下去,因為周邊血管阻力增加,血壓上升啟動baroreceptor、迷走神經,交感神經輸出減少。)
vasopressor, can control paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (slowing down heart rate due to reflex) ; nasal/bronchial decongestant (decrease bleeding associated with some surgical procedures) and conjunctival procedures
PK: liver, and uptake into tissue
adverse effect: bradycardia hypertension, nasal irritation and rebound congestion
Phenylpropanolamine
MOA: pharm effect and adverse effect similar to ephdrine; with less CNS activity; mixed-acting agent。由α1作用,促進NE釋放。
- orally administrated; control of urinary incontence in dogs (see below)
human: appetite suppressant and decongestions ; inhibited now due to potential of hemorrhagic shock
PK: resistant to metabolism by MAO and COMT; active metabolite and kidney excretion
Urinary incontinence: involuntary leakage of urine; Lost or weakened control over urinar sphincter as a cause
Treatment by PPA: alpha receptor effect on sphincter and beta receptor effect on detrusor muscle (muscle lining of urinary bladder)
methoxamine and metaraminol
similar effect as phenyephrine: acting exclusively on peripheral alpha
pressor effect: causing vasoconstriction followed by higher blood pressure then reducing heart rate by baroreflex
- methoxamine: quick response and long drug effect
-
metaraminol: rebound so cant suddenly 停藥; 會攝入儲存泡,而後促進NE釋放。本身也會作用在突觸後受體,但效果沒有NE好。為mixed-type。
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Effect of a2 agonist
- 對獸醫來講,中樞比較重要,有鎮定、止痛、Cardiac output下降、肌肉鬆弛等效果(典型α2的作用)。
- 節前節後都有α2 receptor,但節前是較為重要的。節前的是負回饋,刺激它會使NE減少釋放,所有交感性刺激下降,心跳速率減少、血壓下降。
- 有鎮定、止痛的效果。
- 常見藥品:Xylazine(最典型)、Detomidine、Medetomidine、Dexmedetomidine
*** Xylazine與Ketamine共同使用:Ketamine的副作用為肌肉張力增加,Xylazine有肌肉鬆弛的效果,拮抗此副作用,且兩藥品合併使用時藥效會增強。
- 拮抗劑:Atipamezole(選擇性最佳,但昂貴)、yohimbine、tolazoline
Nitroglycerin
- Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF):
- 由血管內皮細胞產生,具備血管放鬆功效的內源性物質。
- 可用外源性物質投藥產生類似的效果,但因first-past effect太強,必須使用舌下投藥的方式,例如Nitroglycerin(硝化甘油,治療心絞痛)和nitroprusside。
- 當這些藥物在體內被分解的時候就會產生NO。