ACE inhibitor Flashcards

1
Q

Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)

A
  1. 兩個subtrate,其中一為Angiotensin I,另一個是Kinin,會把kinin水解掉,因此也稱為kininase II
  2. Produced in lung capillary endothelial cells, converting A-I into A-II
  3. ACE inhibitor一群polypeptide內分泌素,算是全身性的賀爾蒙而非局部作用而已;但以生理功能來看,起源於腎臟要調節血流供應,所以也符合局部作用的概念

整個system的key enzyme是renin,但藥物作用通常是針對ACE

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2
Q

Aliskiren

A
  1. 是renin inhibitor
  2. 在獸醫領域無使用
  3. 用於治療人類高血壓,但不是針對thrombase (not常用藥)
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3
Q

Losartan

A
  1. AT1的競爭型antagonist (receptor of angiotensin II),用在人醫降血壓,作用和ACE inhibitors;若使用ACE inhibitors會出現副作用,就會改用此
  2. high affinity to AT1 (receptor for angiotensin II) only, therefore could be use to distinguish AT1 from AT2
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4
Q

Angiotensin II

A
  1. 藥效
  • 血管收縮效果比NE強40倍,
  • 會增加醛固酮 (aldosterone) synthesis and secretion –> Na+ 重吸收
  • ADH分泌量 (vasopressin) –> H2O reabsorption
  1. Side effects
  • 能改變心血管構造 (remodeling, thicker and harder, less elastic)
    • 心肌肥大hypertrophy & remodeling (長期效果)
  1. Receptors
  • 廣泛地分布
  • AT1:為G protein-coupled,主要分布於血管平滑肌,high Losartan affinity,可用來鑑別AT1、AT2;對saralasin和angiotensin II親合力相同
  • AT2:較不重要
  1. 不會用於臨床,因為藥效太強太危險,且會造成心血管結構改變(remodeling)
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5
Q

pharm effect and side effect of ACE inhibitor

A

藥效

  • 可以降低angiotensin II分泌,因此可以減少前面說的一大堆反應產生
  • bradykinin會增加 (ACE antagonize kinin)
  • 用於hypertension病患可降壓,正常個體 (normotensive) 服用只會有小幅度下降,因正常個體angiotensin II不會太多,而ACE抑制劑不是直接放鬆血管,而是減少angiotensin II。
  • 因不影響交感神經受體,所以心血管反射 (cardiovascular reflexes) 能維持的很好,不會有姿態性低血壓等等副作用
  • 對於腦部、冠狀動脈血流影響不大,也不影響腎臟血流供應
  • 可抑制angiotensin II對心血管構造的remodeling
  • Renal blood flow is increased with ensuing natriuresis

抗高血壓作用Antihypertension

  • 適用於有糖尿病、心臟病 (ischemic heart diseases, hypertrophic left ventricles左心室肥大)等其他疾病的高血壓病人
  • 狗全身性高血壓首選用藥;
  • 貓也會使用,主要針對延緩腎衰竭,ACE inhibitor可以降低慢性腎衰竭惡化速度 (slow renal function deterioration & partially mitigate hypertension)
  • Chronic heart failure: congestion HF, dilated cardiomypthay, hypertrophic cardiomyothay (HCM)藉由放鬆血管,降低心臟負荷,用於心臟衰竭(如:心肌病變)病人

副作用

  • 低血壓、高血鉀hyperkalemia (因利尿)
  • 少部份病患會出現腎功能惡化 renal function deterioration
  • 腎功能差者會出現azotemia,總氮量變高
  • for most patients, kidney failure could be relieved, but in extreme cases it deteriorates the renal function by disrupting intrarenal hemodynamics
  • Gl upset
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6
Q

Captopril

A

ACE inhibitor

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7
Q
  1. Captopril
  2. Enalapril
  3. Lisinopril
  4. Benazepril
  5. Ramipril
  6. Quinapril
  7. Fosinopril
  8. Imidapril

who are they? which one’ve got 動物用藥許可證?

A

ACE inhibitor:

benazepril有動物用藥許可證

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8
Q

適應症of ACE inhibitor

A
  1. 適用於有糖尿病、心臟病 (ischemic heart diseases, hypertrophic left ventricles左心室肥大)等其他疾病的高血壓病人
  2. 全身性高血壓首選用藥;
  3. 也會使用,主要針對延緩腎衰竭,ACE inhibitor可以降低慢性腎衰竭惡化速度 (slow renal function deterioration & partially mitigate hypertension)

Chronic heart failure: congestion HF, dilated cardiomypthay, hypertrophic cardiomyothay (HCM)藉由放鬆血管,降低心臟負荷,用於心臟衰竭(如:心肌病變)病人

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9
Q

Saralasin

A
  1. 來自蛇毒的蛋白質
  2. partial agonist of angiotensin receptor
  3. 用來診斷腎臟高血壓
  4. 對正常人只有輕微血壓上升作用
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10
Q

candesartanm valsartan

A

是AT1的競爭型antagonist (receptor of angiotensin II),用在人醫降血壓,作用和ACE inhibitors;若使用ACE inhibitors會出現副作用,就會改用此

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11
Q

kinin types, synthesis and its functions

  1. vasodilation
  2. vascular permeability
  3. chemotaxis
  4. pain induction
A
  1. 有三個:kallidin, bradykinin(最重要、最多), methyl kinin
  2. Formed form kininogens, catalyzed by kallikrens
  3. 由肝臟合成的kininogen
  4. 由血漿中kallikreins切割而來
  5. Potent vasodilator peptides
  6. a little vascular permeability effect
  7. no chemotaxis effect
  8. strongest nociceptive activation參與疼痛反應(hyperalgesia) among histamine, PGs
  9. 參與發炎反應: 血管舒張、增加血管通透性
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12
Q

Kallikrein precursor

A
  1. prekallikrein
  2. 由肝臟製造,要由trypsin或Hageman factor (血小板凝血路徑的factor XII)
  3. Kallikrein在某些gland是以prekallikrein存在

Kallikrenins

  1. 位於plasma,也會存在salivary glands、sweat gland、kidney、intestine
  2. 是serine protease,(trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, elastase, plasmin也是)
  3. catalyze the formation of kenin from kininogens
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13
Q

Kininogen: forms and locations

A
  1. HMW form: can only stay血中,為血漿kallikrein的substrate; 15~20% of total plasma kinogen
  2. LMW form: 能穿過微血管壁,是組織kallikrein的substrate
  3. 淋巴或組織間液
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14
Q

Kinins的藥效

A
  1. 小動脈血管放鬆 [acting on endothelium]
    1. 直接作用在小動脈平滑肌
    2. 由NO調節
    3. 由血管放送劑PGE2, PGI2調節
  2. 靜脈血管收縮
    1. 直接作用於靜脈平滑肌
    2. 刺激靜脈平滑肌細胞製造血管收縮劑PGF2a
    3. 作用和組織胺很像:讓血液從靜脈送出,跑到小動脈(舒張),發炎部位kinin多,血管通透性上升,引起水腫 (promotes fluid transfer to tissue)
  3. Analgesia may also happen (stimulating nociceptive afferents)
  4. 對血壓的影響
    1. 造成短暫低血壓,可見compensatory心跳加速reflex,補償低血壓,因此低血壓時間短暫
  5. Endocrine and exocrine glands: 當需要大量唾液,局部kinin會產生,血流就會供應唾腺足夠營養去分泌唾腺,也會經由kinin讓唾液腺腺管打開
  6. May diffuse from tissue to blood, regulating local blood flow as a result
  7. May influence salivary and pancreatic ducts tone; and may influence Gl motility
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15
Q

Bradykinin

A

由血漿的kallikrein釋出, also the major plasma kinin

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16
Q

Lysylbradykinin

A

由glandular kallikrein釋出,腺體較多,尿液主要的Kenin

17
Q

Methionyllysylbradykinin

A

由pepsins和pepsin-like enzyme釋出

18
Q

what are the relationship fo ACE and kinin?

A

ACE degrades kinin.

  1. Kinase II (ACE)
    1. Hence ACE抑制劑leads to體內kinins量會上升
    2. Peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase
    3. 在肺臟很活躍,會在很多組織出現
    4. Inhibitor: captopril, enalapril = ACE inhibitor
  2. Kinase I (another kinase of kinin)
    1. Carboxypeptidase
    2. 由肝臟製造,會存在肺臟、皮膚