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Psychopathology > Week Three: Chapter 2 and Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Week Three: Chapter 2 and Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

______ can be a useful emotion, so useful that our survival depends on it.

A

Anxiety

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2
Q

The symptoms of _______ help us to respond to the threat in a way that maximise our chances of survival

A

anxiety

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3
Q

Anxiety is accompanied by bodily symptoms, _________, and __________

A

cognitions; behaviours

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4
Q

________ disorders arise when the perception of the threat is clearly out of proportion to the actual threat

A

anxiety

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5
Q

1 in _ Australians will experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime

A

4

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6
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be difficult or help may not be available

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7
Q

______ is the immediate alarm reaction triggered by a perceived danger

A

Fear

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8
Q

What hormone is first released in the flight or fight response?

A

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

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9
Q

What are the three behaviours that can result from the body’s fight of flight response?

A

Freezing, Fighting, Flighting

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10
Q

_____ alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders

A

false

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11
Q

Is fear a true or false alarm?

A

True

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12
Q

What is a false alarm?

A

When the fight or flight system activates in situations that do not represent an immediate physical threat

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13
Q

What are the three vulnerabilities that make an individual more or less sensitive to alarm reaction?

A

1: Biological factors, 2, generalised psychological factors, 3 specific psychological factors

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14
Q

Individuals seem to inherit a general _________ towards anxiety and depressive disorders

A

predisposition

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15
Q

Beliefs about the world being a generally dangerous place combined with broad expectations that events are beyond one’s control is known as a generalised _________ vulnerability

A

psychological

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16
Q

What is one way to learn to have a specific psychological vulnerability?

A

Conditioning

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17
Q

Fear conditioning is a direct way to learn about the potential dangers about something, what are the two indirect ways?

A

Informational learning, and vicarious acquisition

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18
Q

What is informational learning?

A

Learning information and data about something and becoming scared about it (hearing about dangerous wolves, being scared of wolves even though you have never seen one)

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19
Q

The ______ pathway describes the development of fear following the verbal transmission of danger related information from others

A

informational

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20
Q

In _______ _______ , fear is acquired through the processes of modelling whereby an individual observes another responding with fear to a threatening object or situation

A

Vicarious acquisition

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21
Q

General distress is a common feature across ______ disorders

A

emotional

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22
Q

Social phobia and depression are distinguished from the other disorders by the absence of ______ affectivity and the elevated ________ affectivity

A

positive; negative

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23
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

Anxiety disorder characterised by extreme fear of specific object or situations, which results in the individual avoiding the object or situation

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24
Q

The major feature of a _______ ________ is intense, consistent, and persistent fear reaction to a specific object or situation

A

specific phobia

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25
Q

When does a phobic fear become a phobic disorder?

A

When the anxiety responses are disproportionate to the objective threat and the disruption to the person’s life is excessive

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26
Q

What are the four subtypes of phobias according to the DSM 5?

A

(1) Animals, (2) natural environments, (3) blood, injection and injury, (4) situational environments

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27
Q

When do most specific phobias begin?

A

Childhood and adolescence

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28
Q

Are phobias more prevalent amongst children or adults?

A

Children

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29
Q

What is prepared classical conditioning?

A

Theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects that were dangerous in prehistoric times

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30
Q

What is the most current theory of phobias? and how we get them?

A

Classical conditioning

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31
Q

_________ theory suggests that there are biological constraints on the type of stimuli for which phobias can be acquired

A

preparedness theory

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32
Q

What is the predominant treatment for specific phobias?

A

Exposure therapy, including flooding, and in vivo exposure

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33
Q

What is the most effective exposure therapy?

A

In vivo exposure (clients confront phobia in real life)

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34
Q

What are the cognitive and behaviourist answers to successful exposure therapy?

A

heightened self efficacy (cognitive) and Extinction (behaviourist)

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35
Q

Simple phobias are now called _____ phobias, while complex phobias are called __________

A

Specific; Agoraphobia

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36
Q

A unifying principle was that the focus of ______ was not the external environment, but rather the fear of panic and its consequences in these environments

A

Agoraphobia

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37
Q

A _____ _______ is an episode of intense fear or discomfort in which there is a rapid increase in symptoms such as a pounding hear; sweating; trembling etc…

A

Panic Attack

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38
Q

_____ ________ is diagnosed when the sufferer is plagued by recurrent unexpected panic attacks,

A

Panic disorders

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39
Q

What is anxiety sensitivity?

A

The belief that the bodily symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences

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40
Q

Individuals who are high in ________ sensitivity have a fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from their belief that these bodily sensations are dangerous

A

anxiety

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41
Q

________ can develop as a complication of panic disorder

A

Agoraphobia

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42
Q

Although there are drugs that can help with anxiety and panic disorders, ________ ________ therapy is an effective psychological treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia

A

cognitive behavioural

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43
Q

_________ exposure: Behavioural technique that entails exposing the individual to the physical sensations of a panic attack

A

Interoceptive exposure

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44
Q

________ __________ disorder: Anxiety disorder characterised by an extreme fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of others, causing the individual to avoid social situations

A

Social anxiety

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45
Q

The key fear of Social Anxiety Disorder is that the individual will act in a humiliating or embarrassing manner that will lead to negative _________ and _________

A

evaluation and rejection

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46
Q

What is performance only social anxiety disorder?

A

Social anxiety disorder where the anxiety is restricted to speaking or performing in public

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47
Q

Why are the fight or flight sensations that are visibly seen to others most concerning for individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Because others can see it so therefore might negatively evaluate the individual

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48
Q

_____ _______ disorder is one of the most common and earliest onset anxiety disorders

A

social anxiety

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49
Q

The comorbidity between social phobia and ________ is particularly strong

A

depression

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50
Q

There is a two-three fold increased risk of social phobia among the relatives of people with the disorder…. this suggests a _____ vulnerability amongst families

A

genetic

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51
Q

What parental behaviour can become a psychological determinant in social phobia?

A

Excessive parental criticism

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52
Q

Explain how a cognitive dysfunction could affect an individual’s sensitivity towards social phobia?

A

Cognitive dysfunctions could include the negative way people evaluate themselves

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53
Q

Individuals with social phobia attach considerable importance to the _________ of others

A

evaluations

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54
Q

What is the most common and evidence-supported treatment for social phobia?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

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55
Q

A cognitive technique in which the client participates in a planned activity in order to test the accuracy of his/her beliefs in known as?

A

Behavioural experiment

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56
Q

________ _________ involves identifying negative images, and working to modify the meaning of the images so that they no longer negatively influence the person’s cognitions, emotions, and behaviour

A

Imagery rescripting

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57
Q

__________ anxiety disorder: Anxiety disorder characterised by chronic worry in family life accompanied by physical symptoms of tension

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

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58
Q

The main feature of _______ ______ ________ is excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities such as work, health, finances, relationships, or educational performance

A

generalised anxiety disorder

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59
Q

The worries of _________ ______ _________ must have been present on most days for a period of at least six months

A

general anxiety disorder

60
Q

What are the two broad categories of core worries of GAD?

A

Physical and social threats

61
Q

_______ threats: fears that centre on work performance and interpersonal relationships

A

Social

62
Q

Physical threats: Fears that involve health problems and fear about the impact of world events

A

Physical

63
Q

Anxiety in GAD is generally from ______-focused fears

A

future

64
Q

Individuals with _________ _________ ___________ tend to engage in a catastrophising style of thinking that typically ends in imagining ‘worst case’ scenarios causing considerable anxiety

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

65
Q

Do individuals with GAD also display physical symptoms?

A

Yes, fatigue, irritability, sleep problems

66
Q

Does GAD occur more frequently in men or women?

A

Women

67
Q

Models from which perspective dominant the current thinking in regards to the cause of GAD?

A

Cognitive models

68
Q

What are the four cognitive models of GAD?

A

The Information Processing Model; The Meta-Cognitive Model; The Avoidance Theory of Worry; and Intolerance of Uncertainty Model

69
Q

What cognitive model of GAD starts with a premise “People with GAD are vigilant or on the look-out for potential threats in their environment, that is, they selectively attend to cues of danger” ?

A

The Information Processing Model

70
Q

What cognitive model of GAD proposes that people with GAD overestimate both the probability of negative events and their consequences?

A

The Information Processing Model

71
Q

What are meta - beliefs?

A

Beliefs about one’s own beliefs and those of others

72
Q

Which model of GAD includes two types of worry?

A

The meta-cognitive model

73
Q

What are the two types of worry in the meta-cognitive model of GAD?

A

Type 1: Normal worry about everyday events Type 2: involves beliefs about worry itself (meta-beliefs)

74
Q

_____-beliefs entail negative appraisals or interpretations of the worry process that focus on the idea that one’s worry is dangerous

A

meta

75
Q

What model of GAD argues that excessive worry used by the individual is to avoid anxiety associated with (a) distressing images and (b) underlying fears and concerns

A

The avoidance theory of worry

76
Q

What theory would say that worry is a verbal-linguistic activity that acts to avoid the occurrence of distressing images and hence lessen the negative physiological arousal of the fear response triggered by these images?

A

The avoidance theory of worry

77
Q

The __________ of __________ model of GAD argues that situations and events that involve uncertain outcomes trigger negative emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses in people with GAD.

A

The intolerance of uncertainty model

78
Q

People with GAD find ______ distressing as it signals the possibility of threat

A

uncertainty

79
Q

Which model of GAD argues that people with GAD are intolerant of even mild amounts of uncertainty and will attempt to control situations that are associated with uncertain outcomes?

A

The intolerance of uncertainty model

80
Q

_ _ _ teaches individuals with GAD realistic thinking skills

A

CBT

81
Q

Mindfulness in addition to CBT is seen to be quite beneficial in which anxiety disorder?

A

GAD

82
Q

__________ are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate or distressing

A

Obsessions

83
Q

__________ are repetitive behaviours that the person feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession or according to strict rules

A

compulsions

84
Q

To be termed a ___________ the behaviours must be aimed at reducing anxiety (usually triggered by an obsession) or preventing a threatening outcome

A

compulsions

85
Q

_______ insight refers to an individuals who appear to be totally convinced that their OCD beliefs are true

A

absent

86
Q

It has been suggested that the majority of individuals with OCD have performed excessive __________ at some point

A

washing

87
Q

Compulsive checking is a common feature or _____

A

OCD

88
Q

What is primary obsessional slowness?

A

An OCD behaviour where the individual slowly and precisely carries out daily behaviours

89
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

A disorder that entails a preoccupation with an imagined defect of appearance

90
Q

What are the two main models of aetiology of obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

The neuropsychological model and the cognitive model

91
Q

The neuroimaging hypothesis of schizophrenia argues that OCD results from a failure of inhibitory pathways in the _______ _______ of the brain to stop behaviours macros being triggered

A

Basal Ganglia

92
Q

______ _______ are defined as complex sets of behaviours choreographed for specific situations, such as grooming and checking

A

Behavioural macros

93
Q

The ___________ model of OCD results from the misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts

A

cognitive

94
Q

What happens in exposure and response prevention?

A

The individual is asked to confront the feared stimulus and the typical compulsive response is prevented or reduced

95
Q

What are the four major clusters of symptoms in PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing symptoms;

Avoidance symptoms;

Negative changed in cognitions and moods

Increased arousal

96
Q

What disorder is defined by extreme stress reactions after exposure to a traumatic event?

A

PTSD

97
Q

How long do the symptoms of PTSD have to be present for a PTSD diagnosis?

A

one month

98
Q

There is evidence to suggest that interpersonal violence leads to more ______ than impersonal trauma

A

PTSD

99
Q

________, ____________, and ___________ factors are believed to be contributing factors to the causation of PTSD

A

Cognitive, Learning, and Biological

100
Q

According to __________ models of PTSD, maladaptive appraisals or interpretations of the traumatic event, the individuals responses to it, and the environment after the trauma are pivotal in terms of perpetuating the individual’s sense of threat

A

cognitive

101
Q

___________ models of PTSD involve the application of classical conditioning principles to trauma

A

Learning

102
Q

__________ accounts of PTSD involve the role of arousal in strengthening the fear-conditioning process

A

Biological

103
Q

Anxiety is characterised by distressing ___________, physical symptoms, _____________, and escape or __________ behaviours

A

emotions, cognitions, avoidant

104
Q

What are the characteristics of anxiety disorders? (4 points)

A

Pervasive and persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear

Involve excessive avoidance and escape behaviours

Cause clinically significant distress and impairment

Involve affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioural elements

105
Q

______ is a present-oriented mood state that is marked with negative affect

A

fear

106
Q

A _____ alarm is when fear is in response to a direct danger

A

true

107
Q

A ______ alarm occurs when there is o direct threat

A

false

108
Q

What are the hallmarks of anxiety disorders?

A

False alarms

109
Q

Anxiety:

  • A ______-orientated mood state
  • __________ about future danger or misfortune
  • _________ symptoms of tension
  • ________ affect
A

future; apprehension; somatic; negative

110
Q

________ is an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pains and heart palpitations

A

Panic

111
Q

What are some biological causes for anxiety disorders?

A

Genetic vulnerability.

Anxiety and brain circuits,

Behavioural inhibition system, Fight or flight

112
Q

The behavioural __________ ___________ mediates reactivity to threat. Increased activity in anxiety sufferes

A

inhibition system

113
Q

What are some psychological factors in anxiety disorders?

A

Childhood experiences with uncontrollability and unpredictability

Behavioural learning and cognitive factors

Negative cognitions

114
Q

In anxiety disorders, ________ life events trigger biological and psychological vulnerabilities

A

stressful

115
Q

Triple vulnerability Model: _________ increase the sensitivity of the alarm trigger and involve generalised ____________, ____________, and specific ____________ vulnerabilities

A

Vulnerabilities; biological; psychological; psychological

116
Q

What disorder is characterised by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic & continuos worry that is distressing and unproductive?

A

GAD

117
Q

What are some somatic symptoms of GAD?

A

Muscle tension and fatigue

118
Q

Diagnostic criteria for GAD

  • Restlessness
  • Being easily _______
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Irritability
  • _______ tension
  • _______ disturbance
A

fatigue; muscle; sleep

119
Q

How long must you exhibit the 3 out of 6 symptoms of GAD for a diagnosis?

A

6 months

120
Q

People with GAD are hyper________ for potential threats

A

vigilant

121
Q

What are the environmental triggers of GAD according to the informational processing model?

A

Threat expectation > activates anxiety symptoms > behavioural avoidance > anxiety reduces

122
Q

Because the threat beliefs are not challenged in ______ the cognitive bias never changes

A

GAD

123
Q

According to the Meta Cognitive Model of GAD, people hold both _______ and __________ beliefs of worry

A

positive and negative

124
Q

________ ________: anxiety disorder characterised by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

A

Panic Disorder

125
Q

_____________: Anxiety about being in places or situations which may be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of a panic attack

A

Agoraphobia

126
Q

Agoraphobia is diagnosed if anxiety or marked fear is experienced in at least 2 of the following 5 situations

  • Using public _________
  • Being in ______ spaces
  • Being in enclosed spaces
  • Being in _______ or _____
  • Being outside the home
A

Transport; open; queues; crowds;

127
Q

D-cycloserine (DCS) - a drug influencing _________ function, may enhance cognitive training

A

hippocampus

128
Q

What are the four subtypes of specific phobias?

A

Animal, Natural environment; blood injection and injury; and situational (in a plane etc.)

129
Q

Is there a heritable component in the etiology of specific phobias?

A

Yes

130
Q

PTSD has very high comorbidity with depression, substance abuse disorder and ____

A

GAD

131
Q

What is the norm psychological treatment for PTSD?

A

Reliving trauma to develop mastery & control

132
Q

Do the compulsions in OCD have to relate to the obsessions?

A

No. It does not have to but it can directly reduce the anxiety of the obsessions

133
Q

Thought - action fusion is related to which anxiety disorder?

A

OCD

134
Q

Failure of inhibitory pathways in the brain to stop ‘behavioural majors’ in response to internal or external stimuli is suspected in which disorder?

A

OCD

135
Q

Exposure & response prevention is the most effective psychological treatment in _____ with up to 90% responding.

A

OCD

136
Q

What hormone is released during fight or flight?

A

Adrenalin

137
Q

Three factors of the Triple Vulnerabilities Model for fight/flight:

1: __________ factors
2: __________ Psychological factors
3: ________ psychological factors

A

Biological; Generalised; Specifc

138
Q

Conditioning is one way to acquire a ________ psychological vulnerability

A

specific

139
Q

What are anxiety disorders caused from? (3 factors combined)

A

Biological vulnerability
Generalised psychological vulnerability
Specific Psychological vulnerability

140
Q

_______ psychological factors are the cause of different types of anxiety disorders

A

Specific

141
Q

Social phobia and depression are distinguished from the other disorders by the absence of positive _________ and the addition of elevated negative __________

A

affectivity; affectivity

142
Q

What is the main etiological factor of specific phobia disorder?

A

Classical conditioning

143
Q

What is the best psychological treatment for specific phobias?

A

Exposure therapies

144
Q

__-______ is the most effective treatment for specific phobias

A

in-vivo

145
Q

People who are high in _____-sensitivity have a fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from their belief that these bodily sensations are dangerous

A

anxiety

Psychopathology (11 decks)

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