Week Three: Chapter 2 and Lecture 3 Flashcards
______ can be a useful emotion, so useful that our survival depends on it.
Anxiety
The symptoms of _______ help us to respond to the threat in a way that maximise our chances of survival
anxiety
Anxiety is accompanied by bodily symptoms, _________, and __________
cognitions; behaviours
________ disorders arise when the perception of the threat is clearly out of proportion to the actual threat
anxiety
1 in _ Australians will experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime
4
What is Agoraphobia?
Anxiety about being in situations in which escape might be difficult or help may not be available
______ is the immediate alarm reaction triggered by a perceived danger
Fear
What hormone is first released in the flight or fight response?
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
What are the three behaviours that can result from the body’s fight of flight response?
Freezing, Fighting, Flighting
_____ alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders
false
Is fear a true or false alarm?
True
What is a false alarm?
When the fight or flight system activates in situations that do not represent an immediate physical threat
What are the three vulnerabilities that make an individual more or less sensitive to alarm reaction?
1: Biological factors, 2, generalised psychological factors, 3 specific psychological factors
Individuals seem to inherit a general _________ towards anxiety and depressive disorders
predisposition
Beliefs about the world being a generally dangerous place combined with broad expectations that events are beyond one’s control is known as a generalised _________ vulnerability
psychological
What is one way to learn to have a specific psychological vulnerability?
Conditioning
Fear conditioning is a direct way to learn about the potential dangers about something, what are the two indirect ways?
Informational learning, and vicarious acquisition
What is informational learning?
Learning information and data about something and becoming scared about it (hearing about dangerous wolves, being scared of wolves even though you have never seen one)
The ______ pathway describes the development of fear following the verbal transmission of danger related information from others
informational
In _______ _______ , fear is acquired through the processes of modelling whereby an individual observes another responding with fear to a threatening object or situation
Vicarious acquisition
General distress is a common feature across ______ disorders
emotional
Social phobia and depression are distinguished from the other disorders by the absence of ______ affectivity and the elevated ________ affectivity
positive; negative
What is a specific phobia?
Anxiety disorder characterised by extreme fear of specific object or situations, which results in the individual avoiding the object or situation
The major feature of a _______ ________ is intense, consistent, and persistent fear reaction to a specific object or situation
specific phobia
When does a phobic fear become a phobic disorder?
When the anxiety responses are disproportionate to the objective threat and the disruption to the person’s life is excessive
What are the four subtypes of phobias according to the DSM 5?
(1) Animals, (2) natural environments, (3) blood, injection and injury, (4) situational environments
When do most specific phobias begin?
Childhood and adolescence
Are phobias more prevalent amongst children or adults?
Children
What is prepared classical conditioning?
Theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects that were dangerous in prehistoric times
What is the most current theory of phobias? and how we get them?
Classical conditioning
_________ theory suggests that there are biological constraints on the type of stimuli for which phobias can be acquired
preparedness theory
What is the predominant treatment for specific phobias?
Exposure therapy, including flooding, and in vivo exposure
What is the most effective exposure therapy?
In vivo exposure (clients confront phobia in real life)
What are the cognitive and behaviourist answers to successful exposure therapy?
heightened self efficacy (cognitive) and Extinction (behaviourist)
Simple phobias are now called _____ phobias, while complex phobias are called __________
Specific; Agoraphobia
A unifying principle was that the focus of ______ was not the external environment, but rather the fear of panic and its consequences in these environments
Agoraphobia
A _____ _______ is an episode of intense fear or discomfort in which there is a rapid increase in symptoms such as a pounding hear; sweating; trembling etc…
Panic Attack
_____ ________ is diagnosed when the sufferer is plagued by recurrent unexpected panic attacks,
Panic disorders
What is anxiety sensitivity?
The belief that the bodily symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences
Individuals who are high in ________ sensitivity have a fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from their belief that these bodily sensations are dangerous
anxiety
________ can develop as a complication of panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Although there are drugs that can help with anxiety and panic disorders, ________ ________ therapy is an effective psychological treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia
cognitive behavioural
_________ exposure: Behavioural technique that entails exposing the individual to the physical sensations of a panic attack
Interoceptive exposure
________ __________ disorder: Anxiety disorder characterised by an extreme fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of others, causing the individual to avoid social situations
Social anxiety
The key fear of Social Anxiety Disorder is that the individual will act in a humiliating or embarrassing manner that will lead to negative _________ and _________
evaluation and rejection
What is performance only social anxiety disorder?
Social anxiety disorder where the anxiety is restricted to speaking or performing in public
Why are the fight or flight sensations that are visibly seen to others most concerning for individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder?
Because others can see it so therefore might negatively evaluate the individual
_____ _______ disorder is one of the most common and earliest onset anxiety disorders
social anxiety
The comorbidity between social phobia and ________ is particularly strong
depression
There is a two-three fold increased risk of social phobia among the relatives of people with the disorder…. this suggests a _____ vulnerability amongst families
genetic
What parental behaviour can become a psychological determinant in social phobia?
Excessive parental criticism
Explain how a cognitive dysfunction could affect an individual’s sensitivity towards social phobia?
Cognitive dysfunctions could include the negative way people evaluate themselves
Individuals with social phobia attach considerable importance to the _________ of others
evaluations
What is the most common and evidence-supported treatment for social phobia?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
A cognitive technique in which the client participates in a planned activity in order to test the accuracy of his/her beliefs in known as?
Behavioural experiment
________ _________ involves identifying negative images, and working to modify the meaning of the images so that they no longer negatively influence the person’s cognitions, emotions, and behaviour
Imagery rescripting
__________ anxiety disorder: Anxiety disorder characterised by chronic worry in family life accompanied by physical symptoms of tension
Generalised anxiety disorder
The main feature of _______ ______ ________ is excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities such as work, health, finances, relationships, or educational performance
generalised anxiety disorder
The worries of _________ ______ _________ must have been present on most days for a period of at least six months
general anxiety disorder
What are the two broad categories of core worries of GAD?
Physical and social threats
_______ threats: fears that centre on work performance and interpersonal relationships
Social
Physical threats: Fears that involve health problems and fear about the impact of world events
Physical
Anxiety in GAD is generally from ______-focused fears
future
Individuals with _________ _________ ___________ tend to engage in a catastrophising style of thinking that typically ends in imagining ‘worst case’ scenarios causing considerable anxiety
Generalised anxiety disorder
Do individuals with GAD also display physical symptoms?
Yes, fatigue, irritability, sleep problems
Does GAD occur more frequently in men or women?
Women
Models from which perspective dominant the current thinking in regards to the cause of GAD?
Cognitive models
What are the four cognitive models of GAD?
The Information Processing Model; The Meta-Cognitive Model; The Avoidance Theory of Worry; and Intolerance of Uncertainty Model
What cognitive model of GAD starts with a premise “People with GAD are vigilant or on the look-out for potential threats in their environment, that is, they selectively attend to cues of danger” ?
The Information Processing Model
What cognitive model of GAD proposes that people with GAD overestimate both the probability of negative events and their consequences?
The Information Processing Model
What are meta - beliefs?
Beliefs about one’s own beliefs and those of others
Which model of GAD includes two types of worry?
The meta-cognitive model
What are the two types of worry in the meta-cognitive model of GAD?
Type 1: Normal worry about everyday events Type 2: involves beliefs about worry itself (meta-beliefs)
_____-beliefs entail negative appraisals or interpretations of the worry process that focus on the idea that one’s worry is dangerous
meta
What model of GAD argues that excessive worry used by the individual is to avoid anxiety associated with (a) distressing images and (b) underlying fears and concerns
The avoidance theory of worry
What theory would say that worry is a verbal-linguistic activity that acts to avoid the occurrence of distressing images and hence lessen the negative physiological arousal of the fear response triggered by these images?
The avoidance theory of worry
The __________ of __________ model of GAD argues that situations and events that involve uncertain outcomes trigger negative emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses in people with GAD.
The intolerance of uncertainty model
People with GAD find ______ distressing as it signals the possibility of threat
uncertainty
Which model of GAD argues that people with GAD are intolerant of even mild amounts of uncertainty and will attempt to control situations that are associated with uncertain outcomes?
The intolerance of uncertainty model
_ _ _ teaches individuals with GAD realistic thinking skills
CBT
Mindfulness in addition to CBT is seen to be quite beneficial in which anxiety disorder?
GAD
__________ are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate or distressing
Obsessions
__________ are repetitive behaviours that the person feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession or according to strict rules
compulsions
To be termed a ___________ the behaviours must be aimed at reducing anxiety (usually triggered by an obsession) or preventing a threatening outcome
compulsions
_______ insight refers to an individuals who appear to be totally convinced that their OCD beliefs are true
absent
It has been suggested that the majority of individuals with OCD have performed excessive __________ at some point
washing
Compulsive checking is a common feature or _____
OCD
What is primary obsessional slowness?
An OCD behaviour where the individual slowly and precisely carries out daily behaviours
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
A disorder that entails a preoccupation with an imagined defect of appearance
What are the two main models of aetiology of obsessive compulsive disorder?
The neuropsychological model and the cognitive model
The neuroimaging hypothesis of schizophrenia argues that OCD results from a failure of inhibitory pathways in the _______ _______ of the brain to stop behaviours macros being triggered
Basal Ganglia
______ _______ are defined as complex sets of behaviours choreographed for specific situations, such as grooming and checking
Behavioural macros
The ___________ model of OCD results from the misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts
cognitive
What happens in exposure and response prevention?
The individual is asked to confront the feared stimulus and the typical compulsive response is prevented or reduced
What are the four major clusters of symptoms in PTSD?
Re-experiencing symptoms;
Avoidance symptoms;
Negative changed in cognitions and moods
Increased arousal
What disorder is defined by extreme stress reactions after exposure to a traumatic event?
PTSD
How long do the symptoms of PTSD have to be present for a PTSD diagnosis?
one month
There is evidence to suggest that interpersonal violence leads to more ______ than impersonal trauma
PTSD
________, ____________, and ___________ factors are believed to be contributing factors to the causation of PTSD
Cognitive, Learning, and Biological
According to __________ models of PTSD, maladaptive appraisals or interpretations of the traumatic event, the individuals responses to it, and the environment after the trauma are pivotal in terms of perpetuating the individual’s sense of threat
cognitive
___________ models of PTSD involve the application of classical conditioning principles to trauma
Learning
__________ accounts of PTSD involve the role of arousal in strengthening the fear-conditioning process
Biological
Anxiety is characterised by distressing ___________, physical symptoms, _____________, and escape or __________ behaviours
emotions, cognitions, avoidant
What are the characteristics of anxiety disorders? (4 points)
Pervasive and persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear
Involve excessive avoidance and escape behaviours
Cause clinically significant distress and impairment
Involve affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioural elements
______ is a present-oriented mood state that is marked with negative affect
fear
A _____ alarm is when fear is in response to a direct danger
true
A ______ alarm occurs when there is o direct threat
false
What are the hallmarks of anxiety disorders?
False alarms
Anxiety:
- A ______-orientated mood state
- __________ about future danger or misfortune
- _________ symptoms of tension
- ________ affect
future; apprehension; somatic; negative
________ is an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pains and heart palpitations
Panic
What are some biological causes for anxiety disorders?
Genetic vulnerability.
Anxiety and brain circuits,
Behavioural inhibition system, Fight or flight
The behavioural __________ ___________ mediates reactivity to threat. Increased activity in anxiety sufferes
inhibition system
What are some psychological factors in anxiety disorders?
Childhood experiences with uncontrollability and unpredictability
Behavioural learning and cognitive factors
Negative cognitions
In anxiety disorders, ________ life events trigger biological and psychological vulnerabilities
stressful
Triple vulnerability Model: _________ increase the sensitivity of the alarm trigger and involve generalised ____________, ____________, and specific ____________ vulnerabilities
Vulnerabilities; biological; psychological; psychological
What disorder is characterised by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic & continuos worry that is distressing and unproductive?
GAD
What are some somatic symptoms of GAD?
Muscle tension and fatigue
Diagnostic criteria for GAD
- Restlessness
- Being easily _______
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irritability
- _______ tension
- _______ disturbance
fatigue; muscle; sleep
How long must you exhibit the 3 out of 6 symptoms of GAD for a diagnosis?
6 months
People with GAD are hyper________ for potential threats
vigilant
What are the environmental triggers of GAD according to the informational processing model?
Threat expectation > activates anxiety symptoms > behavioural avoidance > anxiety reduces
Because the threat beliefs are not challenged in ______ the cognitive bias never changes
GAD
According to the Meta Cognitive Model of GAD, people hold both _______ and __________ beliefs of worry
positive and negative
________ ________: anxiety disorder characterised by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
Panic Disorder
_____________: Anxiety about being in places or situations which may be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of a panic attack
Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is diagnosed if anxiety or marked fear is experienced in at least 2 of the following 5 situations
- Using public _________
- Being in ______ spaces
- Being in enclosed spaces
- Being in _______ or _____
- Being outside the home
Transport; open; queues; crowds;
D-cycloserine (DCS) - a drug influencing _________ function, may enhance cognitive training
hippocampus
What are the four subtypes of specific phobias?
Animal, Natural environment; blood injection and injury; and situational (in a plane etc.)
Is there a heritable component in the etiology of specific phobias?
Yes
PTSD has very high comorbidity with depression, substance abuse disorder and ____
GAD
What is the norm psychological treatment for PTSD?
Reliving trauma to develop mastery & control
Do the compulsions in OCD have to relate to the obsessions?
No. It does not have to but it can directly reduce the anxiety of the obsessions
Thought - action fusion is related to which anxiety disorder?
OCD
Failure of inhibitory pathways in the brain to stop ‘behavioural majors’ in response to internal or external stimuli is suspected in which disorder?
OCD
Exposure & response prevention is the most effective psychological treatment in _____ with up to 90% responding.
OCD
What hormone is released during fight or flight?
Adrenalin
Three factors of the Triple Vulnerabilities Model for fight/flight:
1: __________ factors
2: __________ Psychological factors
3: ________ psychological factors
Biological; Generalised; Specifc
Conditioning is one way to acquire a ________ psychological vulnerability
specific
What are anxiety disorders caused from? (3 factors combined)
Biological vulnerability
Generalised psychological vulnerability
Specific Psychological vulnerability
_______ psychological factors are the cause of different types of anxiety disorders
Specific
Social phobia and depression are distinguished from the other disorders by the absence of positive _________ and the addition of elevated negative __________
affectivity; affectivity
What is the main etiological factor of specific phobia disorder?
Classical conditioning
What is the best psychological treatment for specific phobias?
Exposure therapies
__-______ is the most effective treatment for specific phobias
in-vivo
People who are high in _____-sensitivity have a fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from their belief that these bodily sensations are dangerous
anxiety
