Ageing and Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Social ___________: as we age, we focus on the interpersonal relationships that matter most
selectivity
_____________: Practice of prescribing multiple drugs to patients
Polypharmacy
____ effects: The effects of being a certain age
Age
_________ Effects: The effects of growing up in a certain time period (great depression, war)
Cohort
____-of-___________ effects: The effects of testing people at particular times of history
Time or measurement
___________ ageing refers to changes that occur due to the passage of chronological time
Primary
__________ ageing is not a normal part of ageing and includes disease states
secondary
___________ processing ________ decline: Declines are in effortful, speed-based, tasks rather than automatic processing
Information processing capacity decline
The _______ lobe theory: _______ lobe deterioration occurs in later life affecting higher order cognitive processes
The frontal lobe theory
psychiatric diagnoses ______ later in life
decline
What is Erikson’s psychosocial crisis stage and basic virtue at +65?
Ego integrity vs. Despair; Wisdom
Cohen’s four key stages later in life:
1: Mid-life re-________: exploration and transition
2: L_______: more comfortable and not afraid of mistakes
3: ________-up: resolution and review
4: E_______: a desire to make a final statement
evaluation; liberation; summing-up; encore
________: Marked deterioration of cognitive function (Impaired social and occupational functioning that is progressive)
Dementia
What is Dementia now known as?
Neurocognitive disorder
______ Neurocognitive disorder: Significant decline in attention, executive functioning, memory etc. These interfere with everyday activities
Major
______ Neurocognitive disorder: modest decline in attention, executive functioning, memory etc that does not interfere with the capacity for independence in everyday activities
mild
What is typically the first symptom in dementia?
Gradual loss in recent memory
Is difficulty with emotional control found in dementia?
Yes
______: Inability to identify object despite intact senses
Agnosia
_______: problems with learned activities despite intact motor functions
Apraxia
______: Impairment in comprehending or expressing language
Aphasia
Depression can sometimes be the first sign of d______
dementia
Psychosis, anger and aggression, and anxiety are some symptoms associated with ________
dementia
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of _________
dementia
In Alzheimers…plaques are found in the ______ cortex, while tangles are primarily found in the __________
Prefrontal; hippocampus
__________ dementia : cognitive deterioration related to cerebrovascular disease
Vascular
___________ Dementia is the second most common cause of dementia
vascular
Risk factors for _________ dementia include strokes, hypertension, diabetes, smoking
vascular
______ _______ dementia is due to cognitive deterioration due to changes in cortical neurons
lewy body dementia
_____ ______ dementia is the third most common dementia
Lewy Body
Hallucinations and delusions are common in what type of dementia?
Lewy Body Dementia
_____________ dementia is a hereditary disorder that affect the the frontal and temporal lobes and mainly affects personality and language
Frontotemporal
Behaviour becomes disinhibited and repetitive in __________ dementia
frontotemporal
Are there phases of dementia?
Yes
Key features of _____ stage dementia are problems with word findings, forgetful about recent events, indecisiveness and take longer with routine jobs
early
Features of _________ stage dementia are very forgetful, confuse one family member with another, start getting lost, become easily disoriented and distressed.
intermediate
Features of _____ stage dementia is unable to remember information for even a few minutes, lose ability to understand and use speech, show no recognition of friends and family
Late
_____-stage dementia results in coma and death due to immune system compromise
end
In dementia, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are intended to ________ functioning (delay worsening) and usually prescribe for mild to moderate symptoms
preserve
Eating well Exercising Keeping the mind active Seeing your GP Develop and maintain social support
are all presentations for _________
dementia
_____-life depression is major depression after 60
Late
Is anxiety or depression more common in later life ?
anxiety
Bates theory of Selection, ___________, and ___________
optimisation; compensation
Baltes theory:
1: Identify and prioritise ______
2: __________ performance
3: ___________- adapting to limitations
Goals; Optimise performance; Compensating
_________ intelligent does not decline much in old age but _______ does
crystallised; Fluid
________ attention: defined as the ability to control one’s attentional processes is a complex attentional process that decreases with age
Executive
Reduced blood flow to the frontal lobes could explain _______ ________ declines in older age
Executive attention
_________ memory, or memory about remembering is affected by age
Prospective
Memory for facts (_______ memory) is more resistant to ageing compared to memory for events (________ memory)
Semantic; Empisodic
Is recognition or recall memory more resistant to change in old age?
Recognition
________: expert knowledge and judgement about important, difficult, or uncertain questions encountered during life
Wisdom
What is one reason that mood and anxiety disorders decline into old age?
They have mastered better coping strategies for managing distressing emotions
Erikson emphasised _______, while Costa and McCrae emphasised ________
change; stability
When does the mid life re-evaluation phase occur?
40s-60s
When does the Liberation stage occur?
60-70
When does the summing up stage occur?
70s
When does the Encore phase occur?
80s onward
__________ has been regarded as a term for a broad class of neurological disorders associated with cognitive, personality and behavioural changes in later life
Dementia
________: a twisted mass of tiny filaments inside nerve cells; ________: abnormal clumps of degenerating brain cells
Tangles; Plaques
a_______ b____ produces plaques and tangles
amyloid beta
: Multiple cortical infarcts (strokes)
: Single infarct in a critical brain region
: Small vessel disease in the brain
are the three causes of what type of dementia?
Vascular
What is a hallmark feature in frontotemporal dementia?
A decline in interpersonal conduct (being ruder)
Can someone ever be diagnosed with dementia while alive?
No it is either probable (2 symptoms) or possible (1 symptom) until death where an autopsy can be performed
Loss of ________ in old age is reported particularly in common with depression
memory
Those with late-onset __________ experience significant cognitive dysfunction, increased comorbidity of medical illnesses
depression
What is the most common suicide provoker in old age?
A single episode of unipolar depression without psychotic symptoms
As a treatment option, are anti-anxiety medications recommended in anxiety later in life?
No not at all because of negative side effects
