Week 4 : Mood disorders Flashcards
Bipolar _ disorder: Manic episodes or mixed episodes plus MDE
1
Bipolar _ disorder: Major depressive episodes plus hypomanic episodes
2
________: hypomanic symptoms plus depressive symptoms
Cyclothymia
What is cyclothymia?
Hypomanic symptoms plus depressive symptoms
What is bipolar 1 characterised by?
manic episodes or mixed episodes plus MDE
What is bipolar 2 characterised?
major depressive episodes plus hypomanic episodes
What is the key feature of bipolar disorder?
The tendency for mood to alternate between manic or hypomanic episodes and MDEs
If a patient has:
- Period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood
- Abnormally and persistently increases goal directed activity or energy
They most likely are having a …..
manic episode
What is a hypomanic in relation to a manic episode?
It is not as severe, does not cause significant impairment or psychotic symptoms, and is shorter
__________ disorders are characterised by sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by a range of other features such as feelings of worthlessness and low energy
Depressive
_________ ___________ __________ is characterised by a continuous period of at least two weeks during which the person feels depressed, sad, empty, or hopeless.
Major depressive disorder
What is anhedonia?
Inability to experience pleasure for previously pleasurable activities
Inability to experience pleasure for previously pleasurable activities is called?
anhedonia
A __________ is an extension to the diagnosis that further clarifies the course, severity or special features of the disorder.
Specifier
What are the four specifiers in MDD?
- Severity
- numer of episodes
- degree of recovery between episodes
- whether there are accompanying psychotic features
What does “MDD with peripartum onset” mean?
MDE’s that occur during pregnancy
What increases the risk of MDE permperipartum onset?
Women experiencing psychosocial pressures
__% of people with MDD report significant _______ symptoms
50 ; anxiety
What disorder is characterised by severe temper outbursts and persistent irritability and anger that is out of proportion and developmentally inappropriate?
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
What is dysthymia now called?
Persistant mood disorder
What is the difference between MDD and persistent mood disorder?
PMD is less severe but more chronic
What are the five things that Risk Assessment looks for?
- Suicide
- Self Harm
- Violence
- Reputation
- Financial Harm
What is the most commonly assessed type of risk associated with depression and schizophrenia?
Suicide
What is an example of risk of violence that a psychologist would help with?
3rd command hallucinations
What risk to self is most associated with psychotic disorders and particularly mania?
Risk of reputation
Risk of financial harm is associated with ______
Mania
What are the six questions that assess danger to self (suicide)?
- Suicide ideation?
- Suicidal plan?
- Access to plan?
- Preparations made?
- Command hallucinations?
- Family/network history?
Do people with dysthymic disorder (or persistent depressive disorder) normally go on to have depressive episodes?
Yes (it is called the double depression)
If you were depressed for most days for at least 2 years you might have….
Persistent depressive disorder
What are the median onset ages for MDD and PDD?
30 and 20s
What is the average duration of the first Major Depressive episode?
4 - 9 months `
What are the DSM 5 specifiers of Bipolar Disorder?
- Seasonal
- Portpartum (4 weeks after giving birth)
- Catatonic features (physical symptoms)
- Psychotic features (delusions or hallucinations)
Manic episodes are more common in _____ while rapid cycling more common in _____
men; women
What are the negative triad features?
Negative view of:
- self
- World
- Future
What is a negative schema?
Tendency to see the world negatively
Negative schemas can cause cognitive ____
Biases
Drawing a conclusion in the absence of sufficient information is called _______ _______
Arbitrary inference
______ _______: Focus on one element while ignoring all others
selective abstraction
What are the three pessimistic attributional styles?
Internal; Stable; Global
In the goal dysregulation model…mania is the result of excessive ____ engagement
Goal
__________ is the first line treatment in bipolar disorders
Medication
Problems associated with unipolar depression are increased rick of _______, difficulties performing occupational or social activities, _______ disorders and physical health
suicide; anxiety
What factors increase the risk of suicide (5)?
- Being a male
- co-occurence of substance abuse disorder
- stressful life events
- previous history of suicide attempts
- parent child conflict (for children/adolescents)
What three factors generally separate suicide ideators and suicide attempters?
unemployment, physical ill health, and relationship difficulties
Do anxiety disorders or depressive disorders normally precede the other?
Anxiety disorders
__________ has been associated with poorer immune system functioning
depression
Particualr parenting styles can impact an individuals risk of contracting major ________ ________
depressive disorder
The main neurotransmitters implicated with depression are __________, ______________, _____________.
Serotonin; Noradrenaline; Dopamine
Serotonin; Noradrenaline and Dopamine are monoamines that are concentrated in the ________ system
limbic
People who are depressed tend to demonstrate chronic overactivity of the __________ - _________ - _________ axis, which in turn affects the way in which monoamine neurotransmitters work in the brain
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal
There is strong evidence that stressful life events can act as causal triggers for depressive episodes and they typically precede the episode by _ to _ months
6 - 9
What type of life events are particularly associated with the onset of a depressive episode?
Loss and failure
__________ theories have dominated psychological aetiology theories towards depression
cognitive
Is the learned helplessness model associated with depression?
Yes. Individuals can learn to have learned helplessness
The negative attributional style is one that interprets negative life events as being due to internal, ________, and ________ factors
global; stable
Aaron Beck proposed that negative experiences in childhood may result in the development of dysfunctional core beliefs about the ____, others, and the ______
self; world
What are the three factors of the negative triad?
Negative view of self, the world, and the future
___________ models of depression suggest that depression is maintained because there are benefits for depressed behaviours
behavioural
__________ theories hold that depression is a form of pathological grief
psychoanalytic
One type of family communication style of _____ _____, which entails high levels of criticism, hostility and/or over - involvement
expressed emotions
The key aim of _______ based ______ _______ is to teach individuals to develop a different relationship to their negative thinking
mindfullness based cognitive therapy
_________ disorder: mood disorder marked by manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes (previously called ______-depression)
Bipolar; manic
John Cade believed that _____ ( a protein breakdown product in urine) was a causal factor in what he refferred to as manic depressive insanity
urea
In memory of his work…bipolar 1 is termed “_____’s disease”
Cades
A ________ ________ requires that a person show elevated, expansive or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased gold-directed activity or energy.
Manic episode
Individuals must experience manic symptoms for at least __ days to be marked as bipolar disorder
7 (one week)
___________ is the sense that anything is possible
grandiosity
Does hypomania involve hallucinations and delusions?
Not normally
Does hypomania markedly interfere with daily functioning?
No
Are major depressive episodes required for a bipolar 1 disorder?
No, but they usually accompany manic episodes
________ _ disorder is characterised by the presence of one or more manic episodes
bipolar 1
Is at least one depressive episode and hypomanic period required for the diagnosis of bipolar 1 or bipolar 2 disorder?
Bipolar 2
What is the criteria of rapid cycling bipolar disorder?
At least four or more experiences with either bipolar (manic or depressive) episodes a year
_________ disorder is a more chronic but less severe type of bipolar disorder
cyclothymic
_________ disorder can be prone to both under and over diagnosing
bipolar
The most common under diagnosis for patients with bipolar disorder are either __________ or __________
schizophrenic or depression (unipolar)
Are women or men more likely to experience bipolar 1 disorder
An equal prevalence
What is the median onset age for bipolar?
25 years
Is the depressed or manic the predominant mood disturbance in bipolar disorder?
Depressed
Comorbidity of bipolar disorders with other disorders is common, particularly _______ disorders and substance abuse disorders
anxiety
________ disorder has frequently been found to be the most strongly associated disorder with substance misuse
Bipolar
High levels of creativity is associated with which disorder?
Bipolar
The shared vulnerability model was created in an attempt to understand the link between __________ and ____________
creativity; psychopathology
What is cognitive disinhibition?
(more stimuli enter awareness)
The _______ - ______ model holds that psychological disorders result from an interaction between an underlying vulnerability and a stressful life event
Diathesis - Stress
What model suggests that mania is the result of excessive goal engagement?
The goal dysregulation model
__________ disturbance is thought to be a causal factor of bipolar disorder
cognitive
T__________ might be related to the development of bipolar disorder
Temperament
_______ drug treatments target the existing episode of mood disturbance while _________ drug treatments focus on minimising the chances of relapse
Acute; Maintenance
The task of _______ stabilisers is to effectively treat or prevent bipolar episodes without triggering a mood shirt to the opposite side
Mood
Is the technique of psychoeducation used with patients with bipolar disorder?
yes
Is interpersonal and social rhythm therapy used in clients with bipolar disorder?
Yes
