Week 5: Psychotic Disorders Flashcards
Between academic and clinical opinions…the definition of psychosis is _________
Contentious
Psychotic disorders are characterised by ________ and __________ symptoms
positive; negative
What are positive symptoms?
Additional features that should not be there such as hallucinations
What are negative symptoms?
Absence or insufficiency of normal behaviour
_____________ : Experience of a sensory event without input from the surrounding environment
Hallucinations
What are the most common type of hallucinations?
Auditory hallucinations
__________: A false belief not generally held by other members of the person’s culture which is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
Delusions
Delusions or _______ are often associated with manic phase of bipolar
grandeur
What is the most common type of delusion?
Paranoid delusions
Delusions of ________ : general information refers to you
reference
Delusions of being ________ (passivity phenomena)
controlled
Is disorganised thinking a positive or negative symptom?
Positive
Is disorganised behaviour a positive or negative symptom?
Positive
Formal ______ disorder: Disturbances in logical sequencing and coherence of thought.
thought
Are current treatments for psychotic features better at treating positive or negative symptoms?
Better at positive
__________: lack of activity initiation
abolition
What is the most common psychotic disorder?
Schizophrenia
____________: Psychotic disorder that may involve disturbances in thinking (delusions and though disorder), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behaviour
Schizophrenia
_________ disorder: Cluster of disorders characterised by hallucinations and/or loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorder
__________ disorder: persistent belief country to reality (delusion) in the absence of other symptoms of schizophrenia
delusional
Delusions are often long-standing and may persist over several years in __________ disorder
delusional
Are the delusions in schizophrenia or delusional disorder more realistic?
Delusional disorder
_______ _______ disorder: Psychotic symptoms present for up to one month, with full return to premorbid functioning
break psychotic disorder
_______ ________ disorder (Folie a Deux) : delusions develop as a result of close relationship with a delusional individual
shared psychotic
_____________ disorder: Equivalent to schizophrenia, but lasting less than 6 months
schizophreniform
___________ disorder: psychotic disorder with symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorder
schizoaffective disorder
______ - _______ psychotic disorders
Prominent hallucinations or delusions
Patients with psychosis often suffer from _________ which may then contribute to suicide
depression
_______ phase: risk factors before any change (e.g. poor peer relationships in adolescents.
premorbid
________ phase: preliminary period of change prior to onset (gradual deterioration in mental state/behaviour
prodromal
______ phase: active positive and negative symptoms
acute phase
___ _____ phase: associated with depression and anxiety
early recovery
Later ________ phase: challenges with reintegration
recovery
_______ - _______ model states that psychotic episode occurs because of an interaction between an underlying vulnerability and some stressful triggering event
Diathesis-Stress
Drugs that increase dopamine (_________), result in schizophrenia-like behaviour
agonists
Drugs that decrease dopamine (_________), result in schizophrenia-like behaviour
antagonists
People with schizophrenia have enlarged _________ and decreased activity in their _________ lobes; also a smaller ___________
ventricles; frontal; hippocampus
Decreased activity in the frontal lobes is called __________
hypofrontality
Stress hormones affect early __________ development
hippocampus
________ ________ is the critical, hostile, and emotionally over-involved attitude that relatives have toward a family member with a disorder
Expressed emotion
_______ _______ imagery theory of hallucinations: hallucination individuals have increased vividness of their auditory imagery – miss-interpret it as a real sound
Refined auditory
Dtysfunctioning in _____ self monitoring: A breakdown in ability to monitor one’s intention to make internal speech – confuses internal speech as external
verbal
Individuals with ________ tend to blame other people rather than themselves when faced with negative life events
delusions
Evidence of a deficit in information storage is related to ______ ______ disorder
formal thought
________ distress may contribute to the formal thought disorder
emotional
________ - economy was a psychological intervention used in psychotic disorders
token
There is no universally agreed upon definition of ___________
psychosis
What are the five diverse symptoms of psychotic disorders stated by the DSM?
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganised thinking
- disorganised or abnormal motor behaviour
- negative symptoms
Positive symptoms of psychotic disorder are ___________, delusions, ________ disorder, and ______ disturbances
delusions, thought, motor
__________ symptoms refer to deficits in psychological processes including ______, affective flattening, and ______
abolition, alogia
What is alogia?
A lack of unprompted speech
What is avolition?
Loss of drive or motivation
___________ are the most distressing of psychotic symptoms
hallucinations
__ % of patients with schizophrenia report hallucinations
75
__________ delusions: a agency or group is trying to harm the individual etc.
paranoid
________ of reference: highly personal messages are apparently being conveyed by neutral sources (a poster or bus commercial)
delusions
_________ delusions: a false belief regarding the appearance or functioning of one’s body
somatic
_________ delusions are associated, but not restricted to, manic episodes
grandiose
_________ delusions and delusions of guilt are typically associated with episodes of severe major depression
nihilistic
_________ delusions include a conviction that one is dead or that parts of one’s body or the environment have ceased to exist
nihilistic
________ delusions are also known as ‘morbid delusions’ or the ‘othello’ syndrome
jealousy
__________ delusions entail a false belief that the patient’s romantic feelings are reciprocated by the other person
erotomanic
Delusions that entail a belief that the patient is under the control of some person, force, or agency are known as ________ phenomena
passivity
Aside from content, delusions are also categorised into _____ and non-________ on the basis of whether they are considered physically possible within a person’s culture
bizarre; non-bizarre
(Primary/Secondary) delusions are those that have formed without a prior psychopathological event or process having led to the false conclusion
Primary
(Primary/Secondary) delusions are theoretically subsequent to abnormal changes in mood, memory, or perception
Secondary
________ _________ disorder refers to disturbance in the logical sequencing and coherence of thought
Formal thought
The severity of Formal Thought Disorder is inferred through assessments of the person’s ________
speech
Disturbances of thought can be divided into _______ (addition of disturbed thought processes) and _________ (deficit in thought processes) manifestations
positive; negative
________ _________ disorder refers to a reduced stream of thought as evident in poverty of speech
Negative thought
________ behaviour is defined as ‘a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment’
Catatonic
__________ behaviour: marked motor abnormalities such as adopting unusual postures or engaging in repetitive movements
Catatonic
_____ features refer to those symptoms that are necessary for a diagnosis
core
Two of five symptoms mist be present for a significant portion during a one month period for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. What are the five possible symptoms?
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganised speech
- Disorganised or catatonic behaviour
- Negative symptoms
Finally for a schizophrenia diagnosis… continuous signs of schizophrenia must have been consistently present for at least __ months
6
Patients with psychotic disorders often suffer from d_________
depression
The use of ________ is associated with an earlier onset of psychosis
cannabis
What was the earliest term for schizophrenia?
Dementia praecox
The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is approx _ to _ %
1 to 2
The _________-_______ model assumes that a psychotic episode occurs when a triggering event interacts with an underlying vulnerability and overwhelms the coping resources of the individual
diathesis-stress
The _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia states that the disorder is associated with excessive _________ function in the central nervous system
dopamine; dopaminergic
Negative symptoms of psychosis have been closely associated with the loss of ______ and ______ brain matter…particularly in the _______ cortex
grey; white; prefrontal
Abnormalities in the ___________ appear to predate the onset of psychosis (at least among those with a family history of psychosis)
Hippocampus
_________ models propose that early psychosocial experiences (such as exposure to stress and trauma) result in the formation of dysfunctional cognitions that in turn trigger psychotic symptoms
Cognitive
Patients with ________ tend to make for cognitive errors in tasks of general reasoning
Delusions
What Model has had a great impact on the development and use of treatment options for schizophrenia and psychosis?
The Diathesis-Stress Model.
What type of treatment is used in the prodromal phase?
CBT
When is psychoeducation most helpful in the treatment of psychotic disorders?
During and after the first episode of psychotic symptoms during the acute phase.
___________ approaches are at the centre of care for the treatment of acute psychosis
pharmacological
Should high or low effective does be prescribed first during the acute psychosis stage?
The lowest possible.
What does tardive dyskinesia result from?
Taking neuroleptic drugs
