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Psychopathology > Somatic and Dissociative Disorders > Flashcards

Somatic and Dissociative Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

________ symptoms and related disorders are characterised by combinations of prominent somatic symptoms, preoccupation and worry about having or getting an illness and/or excessive help seeking

A

Somatic

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2
Q

__________ disorders involve the loss of normal integration of identity, memory, perception or ___________

A

Dissociative; Consciousness

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3
Q

The term ____________ refers to the mechanism whereby on part of mental functioning is split off from the main part of mental function - the part that might be called “me”

A

dissociation

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4
Q

__________: Process whereby different facets of an individual’s sense of self, memories or consciousness become split off from one another.

A

Dissociation

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5
Q

____________ disorders: disorders characterised by identifiable physical illness or defect caused at least partly by psychological factors

A

psychosomatic

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6
Q

It is proposed that in both _______ and _________ disorders there is a dissociation occurring between mental awareness and another part of the normally integrated mental system

A

somatic; dissociative

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7
Q

In the case of somatic disorders the part of mental function that is split off involves the _______ or ______ systems

A

Sensory; Motor

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8
Q

For somatic disorders, there may be no diagnosable _________ disease to explain the patients physical symptoms

A

medical

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9
Q

_______________: Disorder entailing intense anxiety regarding the belief that one has a serious medical condition that one clearly does not have.

A

Hypochondriasis

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10
Q

What were somatoform and dissociative disorders historically known as?

A

Hysteria

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11
Q

________ was historically used as a treatment for hysteria

A

Hypnosis

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12
Q

Freud and Breuer adopted the term __________ to signify the transformation of psychical (Mental) excitation into chronic somatic symptoms

A

conversion

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13
Q

Freud, early in his career concluded that _________ was caused by unpleasant infantile sexual experiences

A

Hysteria

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14
Q

__________ symptom disorder is characterised as a condition in which the individual experiences one or more distressing or debilitating somatic symptoms accompanied by abnormal thoughts feelings and behaviours in relation to these _______ symptoms

A

Somatic x 2

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15
Q

Abnormal reactions to the somatic symptoms include:

  • Disproportionate and persistent ______ about the seriousness of ones symptoms
  • Persistenly high levels of _______ about one’s health or symptoms
  • Spending excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns
A

thoughts; anxiety

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16
Q

How long do somatic (physical) symptoms typically need to be present for?

A

6 months

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17
Q

__________ and ___________ are almost always present with chronic pain and perhaps make pain sensations worse

A

depression; anxiety

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18
Q

Individuals who are preoccupied with having or acquiring a serious illness in the absence of experiencing marked somatic symptoms would be diagnosed with __________ _________ disorder

A

illness anxiety

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19
Q

How long does an individuals health concerns have to exist for in illness anxiety disorder?

A

6 MONTHS

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20
Q

Research indicates that there are a number of elements to illness anxiety that include _________, affect, __________, and behaviour

A

perception; cognition

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21
Q

__________ disorder: Disorder marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body (such as blindness) without an identifiable medical cause

A

Conversion

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22
Q

La Belle belief: Common feature of __________ disorder involving an odd lack of concern regarding one’s loss of bodily functions

A

conversion

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23
Q

__________ disorder: Characterised by deliberately faking physical or mental illness in order to gain medical attention

A

Factitious

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24
Q

Comorbid _________ in patients with somatic disorders may be understood as a consequence of the demoralisation associated with persisting illness, particularly one of an ill-defined nature

A

depression

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25
Q

Under activity in the _____________-____________-_________ axis might be associated with medically unexplained somatic symptoms

A

Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis

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26
Q

“_______ _____”: the neural representations of the internal state of the body that give rise to subjective experience

A

Body - maps

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27
Q

According to gate control theory the involvement of the ______ _______ defending from the brain explain why mood can alter the pain experience

A

nerve fibres

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28
Q

patients with ________ disorders are more likely to have experience adverse and traumatic events during childhood than other medical patients

A

somatic

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29
Q

The memory of early trauma is ____-_________- that is, it is contained in emotions, relax actions or bodily sensations which possibly associates it with somatic symptoms

A

non-declarative

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30
Q

____________: an individual’s diminished capacity to consciously experience emotions or to describe them in words

A

Alexithymia

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31
Q

Patients with somatic disorders have been found to have higher levels of ___________ that other psychiatric illnesses or medical illnesses

A

alexithymia

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32
Q

According to cognitive and behavioural models, the process of ____________ involves the experience, conceptualisation, and communication of mental states and distress as physical symptoms or altered body states

A

somatisation

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33
Q

What are the four steps in the cognitive - behavioural model of the process of somatisation?

A

1 - Symptom perception
2 - Attribution regarding symptoms
3 - Concern/anxiety about illness
4 - Illness behaviour

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34
Q

Attribution theory suggests three possible attributions for bodily symptoms: _______ causes, _________ causes and situational explanations

A

psychological; physical

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35
Q

illness - concern can be a ________ phenomena

A

trait

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36
Q

What is the first part of the somatisation process?

A

Symptom perception

37
Q

What is the second part of the somatisation process?

A

Attribution regarding symptoms

38
Q

What is the third part of the somatisation process?

A

Concern/anxiety about illness

39
Q

What is the second part of the somatisation process?

A

Illness behaviour

40
Q

_______ somatic disorders will usually involve multiple somatic symptoms and strong illness conviction

A

Chronic

41
Q

______ forms of somatisation tend to be characterised by weaker illness conviction

A

Acute

42
Q

____________ disorder: (used in the DSM 4): referring to conditions involving physical manifestations of psychological disturbance

A

Somatoform

43
Q

___________ disorders: conditions with a known physical basis, that can be aggravated by psychological factors via known physiological mechanisms

A

Psychosomatic

44
Q

What are the 5 disorders under the category “Somatic symptom and related disorders”?

A 
1 - Somatic symptom disorder
2 - Illness anxiety disorder
3 - Conversion Disorder
4 - Factitious disorder
5 - Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
45
Q

What is the main difference between Somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder?

A

In conversion disorder the pain significantly effects everyday function and ability.

46
Q

What 4 DSM 4 disorders are now subsumed under somatic symptom disorder in the DSM 5?

A
  • Somatisation disorder
  • Hypochondriasis
  • Pain disorder
  • Undifferentiated somatoform disorder
47
Q

What is the key concern in illness anxiety disorder?

A

The concern in the ABSENCE of the prominent symptoms

48
Q

Freuds 4 processes for conversion disorder:

1 __________ event results in conflict and anxiety
2 conflict and anxiety unacceptable so ________
3 An increase in anxiety threatens the conflict to emerge into ___________, and the person ‘converts’ it into physical symptoms (The associated reduction in anxiety is reinforcing; primary gain)
4 Secondary gains (increased attention or avoidance also reinforce the conversion symptoms

A

Traumatic; repressed; consciousness

49
Q

_____ ______ ______ states that neural ‘gates’ in the spinal cord can be ‘opened’ or ‘closed’ which determines the amount of pain a person experiences

A

Gate Control Theory

50
Q

____________ theory proposed that the brain has a neural network (body-self matrix) which integrates cognitive-evaluative, _______-discriminative and affective components of pain

A

Neuromatrix

51
Q

Sensation is imprinted by a brain process in the ____________ theory

A

neuromatrix

52
Q

Patients with somatic disorders are much more likely to have experienced _______ and ________ life events in childhood

A

trauma; aversive

53
Q

Trauma encodes to non-________ memory especially

A

declarative

54
Q

__________ refers to the mechanism where one part of mental functioning is dissociated from other parts of mental functioning

A

dissociation

55
Q

_________ _________ : characterised by a feeling of detachment from self or surroundings, as if in a dream or living in slow motion

A

Dissociative experience

56
Q

Most people experience dissociative experience after…

A

a stressful like event. or when tired or sleep deprived

57
Q

____________ involves altered perception causing you to temporarily lose sense of your own reality

A

depersonalisation

58
Q

____________: situation in which the individual loses a sense of reality of the external world

A

derealisation

59
Q

In the DSM5, dissociative disorders include:

A
  • Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative identity disorder
60
Q

______________ disorder involves a persistent feeling of being detached from one’s mental processes

A

depersonalisation

61
Q

Dissociative amnesia types:
1 ________: forgetting a specific time period

2________: remembers a part of an event

3________: forgetting all personal info

4________: Forgetting everything past a time point

5________: forgetting categories of events

A

Localised; Selective; Generalised; Continuous: Systematised

62
Q

Dissociative amnesia types:
1 ________: forgetting a specific time period

2________: remembers a part of an event

3________: forgetting all personal info

4________: Forgetting everything past a time point

5________: forgetting categories of events

A

Localised; Selective; Generalised; Continuous: Systematised

63
Q

______ ______ involves loss of memory for significant personal information, usually involves trauma

A

dissociative amnesia

64
Q

Is daydreaming an dissociation?

A

Yes a common type

65
Q

What are the five types of pathological dissociation?

A
  • Amnesia
  • Depersonalisation
  • Derealisation
  • Identity confusion
  • Identity alteration
66
Q

_______: refers to an absence of memory for a specific and significant period of time

A

Amnesia

67
Q

_____________: refers to a change in the individual’s sense of his/her physical self

A

Depersonalisation

68
Q

___________: refers to a change in the individual’s sense of the world (e.g. “the surroundings feel unfamiliar”)

A

Derealisation

69
Q

_________ _________: refers to feelings of uncertainty, puzzlement or conflict regarding one’s identity

A

Identity confusion

70
Q

_________ __________: refers to objective behaviours indicating that the individual has assumed alternate identities at different times

A

Identity alteration

71
Q

What is the most extreme type of pathological dissociation?

A

Identity alternation

72
Q

What are the three main dissociative disorders?

A
  • Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative identity disorder
73
Q

Dissociative _______: Dissociative experience in which a person undergoes a sudden unexpected journey away from home and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity.

A

fugue

74
Q

What is dissociative amnesia also referred as?

A

Psychogenic amnesia

75
Q

_____________ amnesia involves amnesia for all or most personal information, including name personal history, family and friends

A

Generalised

76
Q

Is dissociative fugue more generalised or specific?

A

Generalised

77
Q

Individuals with dissociative identity disorder commonly experience auditory __________

A

hallucinations

78
Q

Dissociative identity disorder can be reliably diagnosed by using _________ _________

A

structured interviews

79
Q

Dissociative identity disorder is most overlapped with what other disorder?

A

PTSD

80
Q

The prevailing theory is that all of the dissociative disorders are at least partly ______-related conditions, with some believed to be clearly _____-_________ in nature

A

stress; post-traumatic

81
Q

The most common immediate precipitants of ___________ are extreme stress, depression, anxiety and substance abuse

A

Depersonalisation

82
Q

Biological explanations of dissociative amnesia point to the effects of extreme stress on the ________ and _________

A

hippocampus; amygdala

83
Q

Dissociative amnesia is associated most strongly with what type of memory?

A

Declarative

84
Q

Kikuchi found that increased activity in the ________ ______ and decreased activity in the ___________ were associated with dissociative amnesia

A

prefrontal cortex; hippocampus

85
Q

For dissociative identity disorder, the dominant etiological theory is that it is causally related to severe trauma that occurs specifically during _________

A

childhood

86
Q

____________: Process by which an adverse effect is caused by treatment.

A

iatrogenesis

87
Q

‘___________ _________” in this phase of treatment for dissociative identity disorder, includes developing a trusting relationship between the therapist and the patient.

A

establishing safety

88
Q

‘__________’ the second phase of treatment for dissociative identity disorder, includes working through, and integrating traumatic memories, during which exposure based techniques similar to those used with PTSD are employed

A

Confronting

89
Q

’ ____________ and ___________’ the third phase of treatment for dissociative identity disorder, includes the bringing together of seperate identities

A

integration and rehabilitation

Psychopathology (11 decks)

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