Addictive and Substance Abuse Disorders Flashcards
What are the two substance related disorder groups?
Substance use disorders; substance induced disorders
Substance use disorders range on a _______ from mild to severe
continuum
A ‘Mild’ disorder requires _ or _ of the 11 criteria for substance abuse disorder; _ to _ indicate ‘moderate’; while _ or more is considered severe
2,3; 4,5; > 6
Can Caffeine be considered a substance abuse disorder?
No
Physiological dependence is defined by ________ and withdrawal
tolerance
__________: refers to the development of a set of symptoms that occur upon cessation of using the substance, especially after heavy or prolonged use of the substance
withdrawal
_________ withdrawal is the only withdrawal state that can be life-threatening
alcohol
_______ ____: refers to a pattern of psychoactive substance use that is responsible for clear physical or psychological harm, which may lead to disability or adverse outcomes for relationships
Harmful use
Does substance use and disorders commonly occur in young or old?
young
The ___________ or substance use disorders declines with age die to the fact that mortality from excessive use of substances reduces the number of people with these disorders who reach older age
prevalence
A loss of _______ is one of the central characteristics underpinning substances use disorder
control
The _______ model of ________ describes addiction as a medical disorder characterised by some form of brain impairment
disease; addiction
Loss of control is central to what theory?
Disease model of addiction
It is thought that the genetic basis of substance use disorders is largely ___-_______
non-specific
What are the two major reward systems in the brain?
The dopaminergic reward system and the endogenous opioid system
__________ levels increase following the administration of most drugs of dependence
dopamine
Which area of the brain has the most increased dopamine levels after administration of a substance?
Nucleus accumbens
According to Inhibition Dysregulation Theory, parts of the frontal region of the brain, such as the ___________ cortex and the ______ ______ cortex are thought to comprise the ‘inhibitory system’
orbitofrontal; anterior cingulate
The elements involved in ______ _______ can help to explain some of the elements of substance use disorders, including withdrawal and craving
classical conditioning
Why can after a long period of abstinence, a strong craving can bring on withdrawal?
Because of classical conditioning and the existence of a ‘cue’ for that conditioned stimulus
_______-________ theory of addiction hypothesises that brain processes act automatically once the balance or ‘affective equilibrium’ of the brain has been disrupted
opponent-process
The ________-_________ theory of addiction proposes that drugs change the areas of the brain that are responsible for the incentive to use drugs
incentive-sensitisation
It is proposed that the please associated with drugs becomes less important as physical dependence develops. What theory does this come from?
Incentive-desensitiation theory
What are the three personality traits needed in the Tri-dimensional personality theory?
Novelty seeking; harm avoidance; reward dependence
Type __ alcohol use disorder have an earlier onset of their drinking problem, are more likely to be male and suffer more problems
2
An individuals expectations of positive consequences from substance use increase his/her propensity to use the substance. This is known as what theory?
Outcome-Expectancy theory
Positive _______ regarding the effects of alcohol (“it will reduce my stress”) predict drinking to excess
expectations
_________-_________ theory argues that individuals who are in high-risk situations will use the substance if they do not have the appropriate coping strategies, have positive expectations relating to the effects of substance use and have a low degree of self-efficacy
relapse-prevention
According to PRIME, a ‘_____’ is a mental map of what the individual intends to do in the future,
plan
What are the 5 THEMES of PRIME?
(1) Prime (plans); (2) ‘focus on the moment’; (3) neural plasticity; (4) identity and self awareness (5) unstable mind
In the process of _____ __________, substance use is the result of influence from those in the individual’s social network in the form of modelling, encouragement and/or pressure
peer socialisation
What are the three drug treatments in substance abuse?
(1) antagonist medication blocks the reward effect of substances; (2) agonist medication is used as a substitute; (3) medication is used to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms
___________ _________ explores the client’s ambivalent about their drug use and adopts a non-confrontational stance
motivational interviewing
What are the two groups of substance related disorders?
Substance use; substance abuse
__________, as defined by either of the following: EXAM
1: A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
2: A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
tolerance
___________, as manifested by either of the following: EXAM:
1: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for that substance
2: The substance is taken to relieve or avoid __________ symptoms
withdrawal
________ ____: pattern of use leading to physiological or psychological harm
harmful use
What is one of the main reasons why younger people have more prevalence towards substance abuse the older people?
The cohort effect, (easier availability towards substances for younger generations)
The __________ __________ theory argues that addictions are the result of a failure of a system that inhibits reward behaviour
inhibition dysregulation theory
_____________ treatment: evaluate; stabilise with medical support; treatment service linkage
detoxification
What are the five stages of the trans-theoretical model
(1) Pre contemplation - dont even consider
(2) Contemplation - consider changing
(3) Preparation - actively interested in making change
(4) Action - undertake attempts to change
(5) Maintenance - new behaviour is maintained
________ gambling: difficulty limiting money / time spent with adverse consequences
problem
_________ gambling: severe end of problem gambling, with repeated failed attempts to quit despite severe adverse consequences
disordered
_____, low income, and having a ______ ____ disorder are risks factors for gambling
Male; substance use
__% of problem gamblers satisfy major depressive disorder
75
__-__% of problem gamblers satisfy substance use disorder
30-49
Illusion of ______; cognitive bias towards gambling
control
________ fallacy: belief a series of losses precedes a win
gamblers
Biased ________ - belief a win is attributable to skill
evaluation
What are the two main reasons for gambling?
Entertainment; and to win money
Which psychological approach was the first to question the harm in gambling?
The psychoanalytic in 1914
It is common census that multiple __________, __________, and ________ factors are involved in the development of gambling disorder
psychological, biological, sociocultural
In respect to gambling, ________ is involved in specific impulsive behaviours
serotonin
Decreased ___________ activity has been consistently related to the personality traits of impulsivity and sensation seeking
serotonin
What three NT’s are thought to be related to gambling?
Serotonin, Dopamine, and Noradrenalin
The majority of pathological gamblers (80-90%) have at least one _________ disorder
personality
The most comorbid personality disorders with gambling disorder are the cluster _ personality disorders
B
Various _________ of reinforcement associated with gambling are known to produce behaviours that are highly resistant to extinction
schedules
What were the two most used cognitive distortions found in problem gamblers?
Illusions of control; superstitious beliefs and luck
The __________ model postulates that as gambling opportunities increase within a community and shifts in attitudes occur, there will be greater participation rates
exposure
What are the three pathways in the integrated pathways model?
1: Behaviourally conditioned
2: Emotionally vulnerable
3: Biologically based problem gamblers
Pathway 1 integrated pathways model refers to ‘_________ ________ ________ gamblers’ who are characterised by excessive gambling in the absence of any psychological disturbances that pre-dated their gambling problem
behaviourally conditioned problem
Pathways 2 integrated pathways model refers to ‘_______ ________ ________ gamblers’ who are influenced by conditioning, cognitive and social processes. However past emotional events precipitate these.
emotionally vulnerable problem
Which pathway subgroup of integrated pathways model primarily gambles to escape from emotional stresses?
emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers (pathway 2)
Pathway 3 of the integrated pathways model refers to ‘________ ________ ________ gamblers’ with neurochemical dysfunctions that result in high levels of impulsivity and differential responses to reward and punishment
biologically based problem
