Week 2: Flashcards
_________ __________ is defined as the field of psychology that aims to understand, explain and modify abnormal behaviours
Abnormal psychology
The __________ perspective is the oldest and currently dominant approach to understanding mental disorders
biological
What are the elements that differentiate abnormal from normal behaviour?
- Statistical Rarity
- Deviance or Norm Violation
- Distress
- Dysfunction
What are the elements that differentiate abnormal from normal behaviour?
- Statistical Rarity
- Deviance or Norm Violation
- Distress
- Dysfunction
S________ R_____: Individuals who possess a characteristic that is rarely found in society can be said to be abnormal, in the sense that they deviate from the average to a large extent
Statistical Rarity
Deviance or Norm Violation: includes a _____ ________, according to which a behaviour is considered to be abnormal if it is deemed to be socially unacceptable
value component
Which element of abnormality is a value component related to?
Deviance or Norm Violation
what element of abnormality differentiates that field from forensic psychology and criminology ?
that abnormal behaviour cases distress
Abnormal behaviour causes _____ to a person
distress
__________: behaviour that interferes with a person’s ability to meet the requirements of everyday life
Maladaptive
_______ __________ not only imply that the abnormal behaviour are statistically rare, unacceptable to society, causes distress and is maladaptive, but also that it stems from an underlying dysfunction or illness
Mental disorders
________ __________: meaning that the disorder causes substantial impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning
Clinically Significant
A ______ ________ is a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
mental disorder
______ ________ analysis: proposes that the concept of mental disorder involves both a factual component (dysfunction) and a value component (harmful)
Harmful dysfunction
According to Wakefield’s approach, for a behaviour resulting from an internal dysfunction to qualify as a mental disorder it needs an additional _____ component: it needs to be causing ____ to the individual
value; harm
Explain Wakefield’s view of an ‘internal dysfunction’
A psychological mechanism has failed to carry out its natural evolutionary function
Mental ________ : severe abnormal thoughts, behaviours and feelings caused by a physical illness
illness
_______ : experience of feeling or emotion
affect
_________: neurological disorder in which gradual decline of intellectual functioning occurs
dementia
________: set of symptoms that tend to occur together
syndrome
The aim of attempting to identify symptoms that clustered into _______ was to discover what the common cause might be
syndrome
Emil Kraepelin initially distinguished two types of mental illnesses: _____-depressive psychosis and ______ praecox. Which are close to the concepts of what two current disorders?
manic; dementia; Bipolar and schizophrenia
The ________ model proposes that symptoms result from disturbances of the physical body
medical
The ___________ approach and the medical model of disease are synonymous
biological
The contemporary _______ perspectives focus on uncovering the interaction between behaviour and biological functions
biological
What are the two main areas that contemporary biological theories focus upon in trying to identify the causes of mental disorders?
(1) structural brain abnormalities (2) neurochemical imbalances
What are the two main areas that contemporary biological theories focus upon in trying to identify the causes of mental disorders?
(1) structural brain abnormalities (2) neurochemical imbalances
According to the contemporary biological perspective, what two main causes for brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances are proposed?
(1) a person’s genetic makeup (2) trauma affecting the brain or nervous system
According to the contemporary biological perspective, what two main causes for brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances are proposed?
(1) a person’s genetic makeup (2) trauma affecting the brain or nervous system
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to enlarged _________
ventricles
What would enlarged ventricles mean?
they suggest deterioration in brain tissue
What is the main drawback associated with drug therapies?
The large chance of relapse if the individual stops taking the drug
What approach sees the primary causes of abnormal behaviours not in underlying biological disturbances, but in a range of psychological processes
the psychological approach
Theories that explain abnormality in terms of psychological factors such as disturbed personality, behaviour and ways of thinking are called the _________ approach
psychological approach
____________ is both a theory to explain normal and abnormal human functioning and a therapeutic technique to uncover the causes of, and hence alleviate, abnormal functioning
psychoanalysis
_________ in psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality of which the conscious ego is unaware
Unconscious
According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much of human behaviour lie hidden in the __________
unconscious
What are the three corresponding principles of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO?
Pleasure principle (ID), Reality principle (ego) and Morality principle (Superego)
The drive to maximise pleasure and minimise pain as quickly as possible is known as the what?
Pleasure principle
The idea that the ego seeks to satisfy one’s needs within the constraints of reality rather than following the pleasure principle is known as the what?
Reality principle
In psychoanalytic theory, the motivation force of the superego, driving the individual to act strictly in accordance with internalised moral standards is known as what?
The morality principle
Is the aggressive or sexual drive most important?
Sexual
What signals the development of the superego?
The internalisation of the father figure
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what causes anxiety?
The ego becoming overwhelmed by the Id’s energy
In psychoanalysis, ________ is the ultimate signal of psychic distress
anxiety
In psychoanalysis, the collective symptoms of anxiety, depression, or extreme dependence are known as _________
Neurosis
________: State involving loss of contact with the reality in which the individual experiences symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
Psychosis
_________ relations is one of the most influential contemporary psychodynamic concepts
object relations
What are ‘Objects’?
are people to whom individuals are strongly attached
The crucial process of developing a separate sense of self and a secure internal image of the mother is called seperation - __________
individuation
The basic premise of radical __________ was that the study of behaviour should be an objective, experimental science
behaviourism
According to the _________ perspective, both normal and abnormal behaviour is the product of learning
behavioural
Do behaviourists see abnormal behaviour as categories or on a continuum?
Continuum
The ________ perspective premise is that dysfunctional cognitive processes cause emotional and behavioural disturbances
cognitive
Who used the terms “Selective abstraction, overgeneralisation, dichotomous thinking and exaggeration of the negative”?
Aaron Beck (Cognitive)
_________ __________ is an adaptive process that enables the processing of information that is important and the disregarding of irrelevant distractions at any given time
Selective Attention
Biases in __________ attention have been associated with some psychological disorders
Selective
___________ tends to be associated with the recall of negatively biased information
depression
_______ __________: clients are assisted by the therapist to change dysfunctional thinking patterns by generating and testing out alternative interpretations and predictions
Cognitive restructuring
_______ _______ therapy is highly compatible with the scientist-practioner model of clinical psychology
Cognitive behavioural
Who would say that a lack of unconditional positive regard and the resulting lack of self actualisation is the core of all psychopathology?
Carl Rogers
Does humanistic psychology agree with the medical model of psychological needs?
No, it holds an non-pathologising view
The __________ perspective argues that the abnormal behaviours are best understood in terms of the social environment of the individual
sociocultural
What are the two gold standards of mental illness classification?
DSM5 by American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems by WHO
There are over ____ mental disorders listed in the DSM5
300
_______: The label given to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together
Diagnosis
The DSM 5 follows the underlying assumptions of the _______ model
Medical
What are the two main assumptions of the medical model?
It is an abnormal conditions; There is a clearly identifiable underlying pathological process
_______ disorders are simply theoretical constructs and they are not independent of changing social values and theoretical orientations
Mental
The DSM 1 and 2 were greatly influenced by what type of psychological perspective?
Psychoanalytic
What was the major assumption of the DSM 1 and 2?
That some mental disorders were biological and others psychological in origin
Disorders of Psychogenic origin were referred to as ________ disorders, because it was implied that it was a psychological reaction to an environmental or internal process
reaction
The various symptoms of both psychotic and psychoneurotic disorders were thought to reflect the patients unconscious ________ _________
defence mechanisms
________ disorders were characterised by a ‘varying degree of personality disintegration and a failure to test and evaluate external reality in various spheres
Psychotic
In psychoneurotic reacitons, _____ was the chief characteristic
anxiety
________ diagnosis: Determination of which of two or more possible diagnoses is appropriate for an individual
differential
The ultimate aim of medical diagnostic systems is to classify different disorders to their underlying ________
causation
What are the three main problems with the current DSM 5 system?
Diagnostic instability; a lack of treatment specificity; and a high level of comorbidity
What is comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person
__-__ % of individuals with one disorders also have at least one other, comorbid disorders,
50-60
An increasing amount of data is suggesting a lack of _________ among mental disorder categories
independence
