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Psychopathology > Week 2: > Flashcards

Week 2: Flashcards

1
Q

_________ __________ is defined as the field of psychology that aims to understand, explain and modify abnormal behaviours

A

Abnormal psychology

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2
Q

The __________ perspective is the oldest and currently dominant approach to understanding mental disorders

A

biological

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3
Q

What are the elements that differentiate abnormal from normal behaviour?

A
  1. Statistical Rarity
  2. Deviance or Norm Violation
  3. Distress
  4. Dysfunction
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4
Q

What are the elements that differentiate abnormal from normal behaviour?

A
  1. Statistical Rarity
  2. Deviance or Norm Violation
  3. Distress
  4. Dysfunction
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5
Q

S________ R_____: Individuals who possess a characteristic that is rarely found in society can be said to be abnormal, in the sense that they deviate from the average to a large extent

A

Statistical Rarity

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6
Q

Deviance or Norm Violation: includes a _____ ________, according to which a behaviour is considered to be abnormal if it is deemed to be socially unacceptable

A

value component

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7
Q

Which element of abnormality is a value component related to?

A

Deviance or Norm Violation

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8
Q

what element of abnormality differentiates that field from forensic psychology and criminology ?

A

that abnormal behaviour cases distress

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9
Q

Abnormal behaviour causes _____ to a person

A

distress

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10
Q

__________: behaviour that interferes with a person’s ability to meet the requirements of everyday life

A

Maladaptive

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11
Q

_______ __________ not only imply that the abnormal behaviour are statistically rare, unacceptable to society, causes distress and is maladaptive, but also that it stems from an underlying dysfunction or illness

A

Mental disorders

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12
Q

________ __________: meaning that the disorder causes substantial impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning

A

Clinically Significant

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13
Q

A ______ ________ is a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

A

mental disorder

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14
Q

______ ________ analysis: proposes that the concept of mental disorder involves both a factual component (dysfunction) and a value component (harmful)

A

Harmful dysfunction

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15
Q

According to Wakefield’s approach, for a behaviour resulting from an internal dysfunction to qualify as a mental disorder it needs an additional _____ component: it needs to be causing ____ to the individual

A

value; harm

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16
Q

Explain Wakefield’s view of an ‘internal dysfunction’

A

A psychological mechanism has failed to carry out its natural evolutionary function

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17
Q

Mental ________ : severe abnormal thoughts, behaviours and feelings caused by a physical illness

A

illness

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18
Q

_______ : experience of feeling or emotion

A

affect

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19
Q

_________: neurological disorder in which gradual decline of intellectual functioning occurs

A

dementia

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20
Q

________: set of symptoms that tend to occur together

A

syndrome

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21
Q

The aim of attempting to identify symptoms that clustered into _______ was to discover what the common cause might be

A

syndrome

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22
Q

Emil Kraepelin initially distinguished two types of mental illnesses: _____-depressive psychosis and ______ praecox. Which are close to the concepts of what two current disorders?

A

manic; dementia; Bipolar and schizophrenia

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23
Q

The ________ model proposes that symptoms result from disturbances of the physical body

A

medical

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24
Q

The ___________ approach and the medical model of disease are synonymous

A

biological

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25
Q

The contemporary _______ perspectives focus on uncovering the interaction between behaviour and biological functions

A

biological

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26
Q

What are the two main areas that contemporary biological theories focus upon in trying to identify the causes of mental disorders?

A

(1) structural brain abnormalities (2) neurochemical imbalances

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27
Q

What are the two main areas that contemporary biological theories focus upon in trying to identify the causes of mental disorders?

A

(1) structural brain abnormalities (2) neurochemical imbalances

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28
Q

According to the contemporary biological perspective, what two main causes for brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances are proposed?

A

(1) a person’s genetic makeup (2) trauma affecting the brain or nervous system

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29
Q

According to the contemporary biological perspective, what two main causes for brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances are proposed?

A

(1) a person’s genetic makeup (2) trauma affecting the brain or nervous system

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30
Q

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to enlarged _________

A

ventricles

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31
Q

What would enlarged ventricles mean?

A

they suggest deterioration in brain tissue

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32
Q

What is the main drawback associated with drug therapies?

A

The large chance of relapse if the individual stops taking the drug

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33
Q

What approach sees the primary causes of abnormal behaviours not in underlying biological disturbances, but in a range of psychological processes

A

the psychological approach

34
Q

Theories that explain abnormality in terms of psychological factors such as disturbed personality, behaviour and ways of thinking are called the _________ approach

A

psychological approach

35
Q

____________ is both a theory to explain normal and abnormal human functioning and a therapeutic technique to uncover the causes of, and hence alleviate, abnormal functioning

A

psychoanalysis

36
Q

_________ in psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality of which the conscious ego is unaware

A

Unconscious

37
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much of human behaviour lie hidden in the __________

A

unconscious

38
Q

What are the three corresponding principles of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO?

A

Pleasure principle (ID), Reality principle (ego) and Morality principle (Superego)

39
Q

The drive to maximise pleasure and minimise pain as quickly as possible is known as the what?

A

Pleasure principle

40
Q

The idea that the ego seeks to satisfy one’s needs within the constraints of reality rather than following the pleasure principle is known as the what?

A

Reality principle

41
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the motivation force of the superego, driving the individual to act strictly in accordance with internalised moral standards is known as what?

A

The morality principle

42
Q

Is the aggressive or sexual drive most important?

A

Sexual

43
Q

What signals the development of the superego?

A

The internalisation of the father figure

44
Q

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what causes anxiety?

A

The ego becoming overwhelmed by the Id’s energy

45
Q

In psychoanalysis, ________ is the ultimate signal of psychic distress

A

anxiety

46
Q

In psychoanalysis, the collective symptoms of anxiety, depression, or extreme dependence are known as _________

A

Neurosis

47
Q

________: State involving loss of contact with the reality in which the individual experiences symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

A

Psychosis

48
Q

_________ relations is one of the most influential contemporary psychodynamic concepts

A

object relations

49
Q

What are ‘Objects’?

A

are people to whom individuals are strongly attached

50
Q

The crucial process of developing a separate sense of self and a secure internal image of the mother is called seperation - __________

A

individuation

51
Q

The basic premise of radical __________ was that the study of behaviour should be an objective, experimental science

A

behaviourism

52
Q

According to the _________ perspective, both normal and abnormal behaviour is the product of learning

A

behavioural

53
Q

Do behaviourists see abnormal behaviour as categories or on a continuum?

A

Continuum

54
Q

The ________ perspective premise is that dysfunctional cognitive processes cause emotional and behavioural disturbances

A

cognitive

55
Q

Who used the terms “Selective abstraction, overgeneralisation, dichotomous thinking and exaggeration of the negative”?

A

Aaron Beck (Cognitive)

56
Q

_________ __________ is an adaptive process that enables the processing of information that is important and the disregarding of irrelevant distractions at any given time

A

Selective Attention

57
Q

Biases in __________ attention have been associated with some psychological disorders

A

Selective

58
Q

___________ tends to be associated with the recall of negatively biased information

A

depression

59
Q

_______ __________: clients are assisted by the therapist to change dysfunctional thinking patterns by generating and testing out alternative interpretations and predictions

A

Cognitive restructuring

60
Q

_______ _______ therapy is highly compatible with the scientist-practioner model of clinical psychology

A

Cognitive behavioural

61
Q

Who would say that a lack of unconditional positive regard and the resulting lack of self actualisation is the core of all psychopathology?

A

Carl Rogers

62
Q

Does humanistic psychology agree with the medical model of psychological needs?

A

No, it holds an non-pathologising view

63
Q

The __________ perspective argues that the abnormal behaviours are best understood in terms of the social environment of the individual

A

sociocultural

64
Q

What are the two gold standards of mental illness classification?

A

DSM5 by American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems by WHO

65
Q

There are over ____ mental disorders listed in the DSM5

A

300

66
Q

_______: The label given to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together

A

Diagnosis

67
Q

The DSM 5 follows the underlying assumptions of the _______ model

A

Medical

68
Q

What are the two main assumptions of the medical model?

A

It is an abnormal conditions; There is a clearly identifiable underlying pathological process

69
Q

_______ disorders are simply theoretical constructs and they are not independent of changing social values and theoretical orientations

A

Mental

70
Q

The DSM 1 and 2 were greatly influenced by what type of psychological perspective?

A

Psychoanalytic

71
Q

What was the major assumption of the DSM 1 and 2?

A

That some mental disorders were biological and others psychological in origin

72
Q

Disorders of Psychogenic origin were referred to as ________ disorders, because it was implied that it was a psychological reaction to an environmental or internal process

A

reaction

73
Q

The various symptoms of both psychotic and psychoneurotic disorders were thought to reflect the patients unconscious ________ _________

A

defence mechanisms

74
Q

________ disorders were characterised by a ‘varying degree of personality disintegration and a failure to test and evaluate external reality in various spheres

A

Psychotic

75
Q

In psychoneurotic reacitons, _____ was the chief characteristic

A

anxiety

76
Q

________ diagnosis: Determination of which of two or more possible diagnoses is appropriate for an individual

A

differential

77
Q

The ultimate aim of medical diagnostic systems is to classify different disorders to their underlying ________

A

causation

78
Q

What are the three main problems with the current DSM 5 system?

A

Diagnostic instability; a lack of treatment specificity; and a high level of comorbidity

79
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person

80
Q

__-__ % of individuals with one disorders also have at least one other, comorbid disorders,

A

50-60

81
Q

An increasing amount of data is suggesting a lack of _________ among mental disorder categories

A

independence

Psychopathology (11 decks)

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