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Psychopathology > Personality disorders > Flashcards

Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

___________ is enduring and relatively stable

A

Personality

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2
Q

Personality _______ are the result of inherited characteristics, learned responses or a combination of the two

A

traits

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3
Q

The general criteria for a PD is an _________ _______ of inner experiences and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture

A

enduring pattern

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4
Q

What are the four areas of criteria one of a PD?

A

Cognitions; Affectivity; Interpersonal functioning; impulse control

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5
Q

What are the four areas of criteria one of a PD?

A

Cognitions; Affectivity; Interpersonal functioning; impulse control

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6
Q

In a personality disorder the enduring pattern has to be __________ and _________ across a broad range of personal and social situations

A

inflexible; pervasive

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7
Q

The enduring pattern in PD has to lead to clinically significant ______ or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

A

distress

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8
Q

The enduring pattern in PD’s has to be _____ and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to ___________ or early adulthood

A

stable; adolescence

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9
Q

The enduring pattern in PD is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another _______ ________

A

mental disorder

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10
Q

Do people under 18 years normally get diagnosed with a Personality Disorder?

A

No

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11
Q

If diagnosing an individual with a PD that is under 18 years, how long must symptoms be present for?

A

1 year at least

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12
Q

________ personality disorder, by definition, cannot be diagnosed at all in persons under 18

A

antisocial

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13
Q

What are the two views of personality disorders?

A

Categorical & Dimensional

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14
Q

The DSM represents a _________ approach to PD’s, stating that they are qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes

A

categorial

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15
Q

Most theories of personality are typically _______ approaches e.g. Big Five

A

dimensional

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16
Q

__________ approaches to PD are designed to differentiate syndromes according to seperate kinds, and not as problems of degree

A

categorical

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17
Q

The DSM 5 identifies __ personality disorders across _ clusters

A

10; 3

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18
Q

PD cluster __ is odd or eccentric

A

A

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19
Q

PD cluster __ is dramatic, emotional, and erratic

A

B

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20
Q

PD cluster __ is fearful or anxious

A

C

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21
Q

Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal would cluster onto cluster __

A

A

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22
Q

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic would cluster on cluster ___

A

B

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23
Q

Avoidant, Dependant, Obsessive-Compulsive would cluster on cluster __

A

C

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24
Q

When do PD’s normally start?

A

Childhood

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25
Q

Name an example of why their is gender bias in the diagnosing of PD’s?

A

Antisocial personality disorder is assigned more often to male patients

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26
Q

What are the three PD’s in Cluster A?

A

Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD

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27
Q

Behaving in unusual ways, unusual dress code, and magical thinking are all typical in _________ personality disorder

A

Schizotypal

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28
Q

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and a reduced capacity for close relationships is common in __________ personality disorder

A

Schizotypal

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29
Q

pervasive distrust and suspicion of others in common in _______ personality disorder

A

paranoid

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30
Q

_________ and __________ theorists have different opinions on the cause of paranoid personality disorder

A

psychoanalytic and cognitive

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31
Q

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships (preference not paranoia) is common in _____ personality disorder

A

Schizoid

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32
Q

What are the four PD’s in cluster B?

A

Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD

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33
Q

Which is the most diagnosed cluster?

A

Cluster B

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34
Q

Failure to comply with social norms and violations of rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful are all features of _________ personality disorder

A

antisocial

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35
Q

Most ________ meet the criteria for Antisocial PD, but not vice versa

A

psychopaths

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36
Q

APD and conduct disorder are similar, but lack of _________ is not included in CD

A

remorse

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37
Q

There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since 15 years of age in _________ personality disorder

A

antisocial

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38
Q

Fearlessness hypothesis - fail to respond to ________ cues

39
Q

What are the three clusters in borderline personality disorder?

A

identity cluster ; affective cluster; impulse cluster

40
Q

BPD: ________ cluster: feelings of emptiness, abandonment fears, unstable self-image or sense of self

41
Q

BPD: _________ cluster: inappropriate intense anger, affective instability, unstable & intense relationships

42
Q

BPD: _________ cluster: Self-harm, other impulsive behaviours

43
Q

_________ PD accounts for 50% of those with diagnosed PD

A

borderline

44
Q

What is the most empirically supported treatment for BPD?

A

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

45
Q

________ _________ therapy is based on the causal model implicating a bio-social dysfunction in emotion regulation as the primary cause of BPD

A

Dialectical behaviour

46
Q

DBT incorporates ____ and __________ principles

A

CBT; Mindfullness

47
Q

__________ - integration of opposing elements in thought and behaviour

48
Q

Patterns of behaviour that are overly dramatic, sensational, and typically sexually provocative behaviour in ________ personality disorder

A

Histrionic

49
Q

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. This is common in _________ personality disorder

A

histrionic

50
Q

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts is the criteria for what disorder?

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

51
Q

What are the three PD disorders of cluster C?

A

Avoidant PD:
Dependant PD
Obsessive-Compulsive PD

52
Q

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation is characteristic of __________ personality disorder

53
Q

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fears of separation are characteristic of __________ personality disorder

54
Q

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency are characteristic of which disorder?

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality disorder

55
Q

Personality functioning exists on a _________, with no clear or easily detectable point of division between normality and pathology

56
Q

Dysfunctional personality ______ develop out of the same array of genetic components and life events as normal personality

57
Q

Theodore Millón identified three core and enduring characteristics that characterised disordered personality. What were they?

A

1: Functional inflexibility
2: Self-defeating patterns of behaviour
3: unstable functioning in the face of stress

58
Q

Functional __________ refers to failure to adapt to changing and varied life experiences and is characterised by the tendency to rigidly apply a range of behaviours and strategies to diverse life situations

A

inflexibility

59
Q

____-_________ behaviour patterns are typical ways of responding or coping that worsen the current situation or are highly damaging for the person involved

A

self-defeating

60
Q

What personality disorder cluster is the most challenging to clinicians?

61
Q

The three cluster A personality disorders are all typified by high levels of _________

A

Introversion

62
Q

__________ personality disorder is characterised by marked discomfort with close relationships, as well as a range of perceptual and cognitive distortions and odd behaviour

A

schizotypal

63
Q

What disorder typifies an individual that is very suspicious, untrusting, and hyper vigilant for signs of others trying to harm them in some way?

A

Paranoid personality disorder

64
Q

Those with ________ PD exhibit a low desire for connection with other human beings and no interest or pleasure in social activities, including sex.

65
Q

Individuals with ________ PD are arrogant and concern with their own power and abilities

A

narcissistic

66
Q

__________ PD is characterised by a pattern of excessive attention seeking

A

histrionic

67
Q

Individuals with _______ PD are marked by emotional instability and lack of a solid sense of self or identity

A

borderline

68
Q

________ is not listed as a disorder in the DSM 5, but is closely related to antisocial PD

A

Psychopathy

69
Q

Personality disorders typically onset at what age?

A

Adolescence or early adulthood

70
Q

Which disability shows the highest level of disability and handicap amongst personality disorders?

A

Borderline PD

71
Q

The MAOA gene metabolites neurotransmitters, such as __________, ____________, and ___________, which powerfully influence thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine

72
Q

______ approaches to PD aetiology maintain that personality can be captured in terms of the degree to which an individual manifests certain traits and combinations of these traits

73
Q

Which of the Big Five personality factors is not related to personality disturbance?

A

Openness to Experience

74
Q

What are the four overarching factors of Lively model of personality disorders?

A

Emotional dysregulation; inhibitedness; compulsivity and dissocial behaviour

75
Q

__________ ______ formulation involves drawing together theory, research and the client’s experiences in order to explain the causal and maintaining factors relating to his/her problems

A

Cognitive case

76
Q

______ refer to an organised collection of multidimensional information in memory that, once established, operate automatically to influence information processing and responding

77
Q

How many Schemas were identified in Youngs Schema therapy model?

A

18 Schemas

78
Q

In Young’s approach, the tendency for schemas to be strengthened over time is referred to as _______ _________

A

Schema Perpetuation

79
Q

What therapy is the most validated in the treatment of borderline personality disorder?

A

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

80
Q

What are the four areas taught in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?

A

Mindfulness; distress tolerance; Interpersonal Effectiveness; and emotional regulation

81
Q

There is evidence to suggest that ________ personality disorder represents a milder form of schizophrenia

A

schizotypal

82
Q

Robust research findings confirm a strong association between antisocial personality disorder and the personality trait of __________

A

Impulsivity

83
Q

The ________ marker hypothesis proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide decision making

84
Q

It is proposed in the _______ marker hypothesis that individuals form associations between emotions and behaviour during their experience of the environment

85
Q

Somatic markers are stored in the __________ prefrontal cortex

A

ventromedial

86
Q

The disturbance of the ________ marker system leads to an ___________ to potentially negative consequences due to the problems in accessing knowledge of associations between emotions and behaviour

A

somatic; insensitivity

87
Q

The _________ inhibition mechanism model assumes that a violence inhibition mechanism is activated whenever distress cues are present to inhibit aggressive anger

88
Q

Blair has suggested that ___________ lack a functional violence inhibition mechanism, due to dysfunctions in the amygdala

A

Psychopaths

89
Q

Individuals with __________ personality disorder often have poor ________, and may reject the diagnosis or deny their symptoms.

A

antisocial; insight

90
Q

Is there a predominant treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

A

No there is not an effective approach at all

91
Q

The genetic vulnerability for borderline personality disorder includes the trait dimension of _______

A

neuroticism

92
Q

Of the various forms of childhood trauma, the occurrence of ________ abuse is particularly linked with borderline personality disorder

93
Q

Most individuals with borderline personality disorder have _______ attachment styles

94
Q

Permissive caregiving influences the development of _________ narcissism, while cold and over controlled caregiving influences the development of _________ narcissism

A

Grandiose; vulnerable

Psychopathology (11 decks)

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