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Psyc 258 - Cognitive Psyc > Week/Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Week/Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Action Potential

A

Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Typically travels down neurons axons.

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2
Q

Axon

A

Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.

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3
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Condition associated with damage to Broca’s area, in frontal lobe.
Laboured ungrammatical speech, difficulty understanding some types of sentences.

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4
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Frontal Lobe.

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5
Q

Cell Body

A

Part of cell that contains mechanisms that keep cell alive.

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6
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

3mm thick outer layer of brain that contains mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions - perception, language, thinking, problem solving.

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7
Q

Brain Imaging

A

Technique such as fMRI that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity.

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8
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.

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9
Q

Default Mode Network (DMN)

A

Network of structures that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks.

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10
Q

Cortical Equipotentiality

A

Popular in 1800’s.

Brain operates as an indivisible whole vs specialized areas.

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

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12
Q

Distributed Representation

A

When a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain.

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13
Q

Double Dissociation

A

When a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another.

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14
Q

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

A

Temporal cortex - activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies but not by faces or other objects.

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Lobe in front brain, serves higher functions like language, thought, memory, motor functioning.

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16
Q

Functional Connectivity

A

The extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other.

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17
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Neurons that respond to specific visual features, like orientation, size, or more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.

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18
Q

fMRI

A

Brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity.

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19
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

Temporal Lobe - Contains neurons that respond selectively to faces.

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20
Q

Hierarchial Processing

A

Processing that occurs in progression from lower to higher areas of the brain.

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21
Q

Level of Analysis

A

A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

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22
Q

Localization of Function

A

Location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain.

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23
Q

Microelectrodes

A

Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons.

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24
Q

Multidimensional

A

Even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities.

25
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of the brain - devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information.

26
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

Electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber).
Action potential.

27
Q

Nerve Net

A

Network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers.

28
Q

Neural Circuit

A

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

29
Q

Neural Network

A

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together.

30
Q

Neural Representation

A

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system.

31
Q

Neuron

A

Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the NS.

32
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the NS, these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

33
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

34
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A

Temporal lobe, contains neurons selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.

35
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Top of brain - mech responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and some aspects of visual information.

36
Q

Population Coding

A

Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing a large number of neurons.

37
Q

Problem of Sensory Coding

A

Problem determining the neural representation for the senses.

38
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimulation.

39
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Damage to temporal lobe - cannot recognize faces.

40
Q

Recording Electrode

A

When used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal probe that can pick up electrical signals from signal neurons.

41
Q

Reference Electrode

A

With recording electrode.
Measure difference in charge between two.
Where electrical signal remains constant.

42
Q

Resting Potential

A

Difference in charge between inside and outside of nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest.

43
Q

Resting State fMRI

A

fMRI response recorded when a person is at rest.

44
Q

Resting-State Functional Connectivity

A

Method for determining functional connectivity that involves determining the correlation between resting state fMRI in separated structures.

45
Q

Sensory Code

A

How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment.

46
Q

Sparse Coding

A

Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons.

47
Q

Subcortical Areas

A

Areas of the brain below cerebral cortex. Ex: amygdala and hippocampus.

48
Q

Specificity Coding

A

Representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus.

49
Q

Synapse

A

Space between end of an axon and cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

50
Q

Task-Related fMRI

A

fMRI response that occurs in response to a specific cognitive task.

51
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Lobe on side of brain that contains mech for language, memory, hearing, vision.

52
Q

Test Location

A

Resting-state functional connectivity - activity at test location compared to activity at seed location to determine degree of functional connectivity between the two.

53
Q

Time-Series Reponse

A

the way the fMRI response changes over time.

54
Q

Track-Weighted Imaging (TWI)

A

Technique for determining connectivity in brain based on detection of how water diffuses along length of nerve fibers.

55
Q

Visual Cortex

A

In occipital lobe - receives signals from eyes.

56
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Temporal Lobe - understanding language.

57
Q

Voxel

A

Small cube-shapred areas in the brain used in analysis of data from brain scanning.

58
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area

Difficulty understanding language, fluent grammatically correct but incoherent speech.

Psyc 258 - Cognitive Psyc (13 decks)

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