Week 4/Chapter 4

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations.

Question 2

Selective Attention

Answer 2

Attending to one thing while ignoring others.

Question 3

Distraction

Answer 3

One stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus.

Question 4

Divided Attention

Answer 4

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time.

Question 5

Attentional Capture

Answer 5

A rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement.

Question 6

Visual Scanning

Answer 6

Movements of the eyes from one location or object to another.

Question 7

Filter Model of Attention

Answer 7

Proposes a filter lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli.

Question 8

Shadowing

Answer 8

The procedure of repeating the words as they are heard.

Question 9

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 9

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Question 10

Sensory Memory

Answer 10

Holds all of incoming info for a fraction of a second before passing it to the filter.

Question 11

Filter

Answer 11

Identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics.

Question 12

Detector

Answer 12

Processes information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message.
Meaning.

Question 13

Short-Term Memory

Answer 13

Holds info for 10-15 seconds, transfers it into long-term.

Question 14

Attenuator

Answer 14

Replacement of Broadbent’s filter.

Analyzes incoming messages in terms of its physical characteristics, language, and meaning.

Question 15

Early Selection Model

Answer 15

Early filtering out of unattended messages.

Broadbents - filtering occurs before message is analyzed to determine its meaning.

Question 16

Late Selection Models of Attention

Answer 16

Most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected.

Question 17

Attenuation Model of Attention

Answer 17

Anne Treisman.
Selection occurs in two stages.
Stage 1: attenuator analyzes incoming message and lets through attended message, and unattended message but at a lower strength.

Question 18

Processing Capacity

Answer 18

The amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information.

Question 19

Perceptual Load

Answer 19

Related to the difficulty of a task.

Question 20

Low-Load Tasks

Answer 20

Use up only a small amount of person’s processing capacity.

Question 21

High-Load Tasks

Answer 21

Tasks that are difficult, perhaps not well-practiced, use more of a person’s processing capacity.

Question 22

Stroop Effect

Answer 22

When names of the words cause a competing response and slow responses to the target occur. Harder to name colours of words than colours of shapes.

Question 23

Fixation

Answer 23

Briefly pausing your central vision on an object.

Question 24

Saccadic Eye Movement

Answer 24

Rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next.

Question 25

Overt Attention

Answer 25

Shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes - see attentional shifts by observing where the eyes are looking.

Question 26

Stimulus Salience

Answer 26

The physical properties of the stimulus, colour, contrast, movement.

Question 27

Saliency Map

Answer 27

Combining values such as colour, orientation, and intensity at each location in the scene.

Question 28

Scene Schemas

Answer 28

An observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes.

Question 29

Covert Attention

Answer 29

Shifting attention while keeping the eyes still.

Question 30

Precueing

Answer 30

Presenting a cue indicating where the test stimulus will appear to enhance the processing of the target stimulus.

Question 31

Same-Object Advantage

Answer 31

The faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object.

Question 32

Attentional Warping

Answer 32

Looking for a particular category shifts responding to the category and to additional things relating to that category.

Question 33

Automatic Processing

Answer 33

Occurs without intention, and at the cost of only some of the person’s cognitive resources.

Question 34

Mind Wandering

Answer 34

Thoughts coming from within - day dreaming.

Question 35

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 35

Occurs when people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren’t directing their attention to them.

Question 36

Visual Search

Answer 36

Involves scanning a scene to find a specific object.

Question 37

Experience Sampling

Answer 37

To answer, “what percentage of time during the day are people engaged in a specific behaviour?”
Having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day.

Question 38

Change Detection

Answer 38

One picture is presented followed by another picture, the task to determine what the difference is between them.

Question 39

Change Blindness

Answer 39

The difficulty in detecting changes in scenes.

Question 40

Continuity Errors

Answer 40

Changes in films.

Question 41

Binding

Answer 41

The process by which features such as colour, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Question 42

Binding Problem

Answer 42

The question of how an object’s individual features become bound together.

Question 43

Preattentive Stage

Answer 43

Occurs before we focus attention on an object.

Question 44

Focused Attention Stage

Answer 44

Attention is focused on an object and the independent features are combined - observer is consciously aware.

Question 45

Illusory Conjunctions

Answer 45

Combinations of features from different stimuli.

Question 46

Balint’s Syndrome

Answer 46

Inability to focus attention on individual objects - parietal lobe damage.

Question 47

Feature Integration Theory (FIT)

Answer 47

Anne Treisman.

A sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object.

Question 48

Ventral Attention Network

Answer 48

Controls attention based on salience.

Question 49

Dorsal Attention Network

Answer 49

Controls attention based on top-down processes.

Question 50

Effective Connectivity

Answer 50

How easily activity can travel along a particular pathway.

Question 51

Executive Attention Network

Answer 51

Complex, involves two separate networks.

Question 52

Executive Functions

Answer 52

Include a range of processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses.
Ex: Stroop Effect.

Question 53

Cognitive Control/Inhibitory Control/Will Power

Answer 53

Dealing with conflict in everyday life.

Question 54

Synchronization

Answer 54

When neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes.
Responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention.

Question 55

Cognitive Control/Inhibitory Control/Will Power

Answer 55

Dealing with conflict in everyday life.