Week 7/Chapter 7 Flashcards
Encoding
The process of acquiring information and transferring it to LTM
Retrieval
Bringing information into consciousness by transferring from LTM to working memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating something over and over again without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other information.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Remembering something by considering meaning or making connections.
Levels of Processing Theory
Memory depends on the depth of processing that an item receives.
Depth of Processing
Shallow or deep
Shallow Processing
Little attention to meaning or is focused on a word’s physical features.
Deep Processing
Close attention and elaborative rehearsal that focuses on an item’s meaning and its relationship to something else.
Paired-Associate Learning
A list of words is presented, later first word of each pair is presented; task is to remember the word it was paired with.
Self-Reference Effect
Memory is better if you’re asked to relate a word to yourself.
Generation Effect
Generating material yourself enhances learning and retention more than passively receiving it.
Retrieval Cue
A word/stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory.
Testing Effect
Enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
Spacing Effect
Breaking up study time instead of one long session is more effective even if total study time is the same.
Free Recall
Participant is asked to simply recall stimuli.
Cued Recall
Participant is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of previously experienced stimuli.
Encoding Specificity
We encode information along with its context.
State-Dependent Learning
Learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
Better performance when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval.
Consolidation
Process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, to a more permanent state; resistant to disruption.
Synaptic Consolidation
Minutes or hours; structural changes at synapses.
Systems Consolidation
Months/years; gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation.
The Standard Model of Consolidation
Hippocampus involved in encoding new memories; makes connection with higher cortical areas; HC and cortical areas weaken, connections between cortical areas strengthen until HC is no longer involved.
