Judgement, Decisions & Reasoning - Chapter 13

Question 1

Judgement

Answer 1

Making a decision or drawing a conclusion.

Question 2

Reasoning

Answer 2

The process of drawing conclusions.

Question 3

Decision

Answer 3

The process of choosing between alternatives.

Question 4

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 4

Starts specific to make broad generalizations.

Using what has happened to predict what will happen.

Question 5

Representativeness of Observations

Answer 5

How well do observations about a category represent all members of category?

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

Shortcuts; likely to provide the correct answer to a problem but are not foolproof.

Question 7

Availability Heuristic

Answer 7

Events that more easily come to mind are judged as being more probable than events that are less easily recalled.

Question 8

Illusory Correlations

Answer 8

When a relationship between two events appears to exist, but in reality, there is no relationship or relationship is much weaker than it is assumed to be.

Question 9

Stereotypes

Answer 9

Oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focus on the negative.

Question 10

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 10

Likelihood that an instance is a member of a larger category depends on how well that instance resembles properties we typically associate with that category.

Question 11

Conjunction Rule

Answer 11

The probability of a conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probablity of the single constituents.

Question 12

Law of Large Numbers

Answer 12

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population.

Question 13

Myside Bias

Answer 13

How people can evaluate evidence in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes.

Question 14

Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

Occurs when people look for information that conforms to their hypothesis and ignore information that refutes it.

Question 15

Backfire Effect

Answer 15

The finding that an individual’s support for a particular viewpoint could actually become stronger when faced with corrective facts opposing their viewpoint.

Question 16

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 16

Determine whether a conclusion logically follows from statements; Use broad principles to make logical predictions about specific cases.

Question 17

Syllogism

Answer 17

Deductive Reasoning; 2 broad statements followed by a third statement called conclusion.
a = b, b = c, a = c.

Question 18

Premises

Answer 18

Two broad statements in syllogism.

Question 19

Categorical Syllogisms

Answer 19

Premises and conclusion are statements that begin with All, No, or Some.

Question 20

Validity

Answer 20

Syllogism is valid when the form of the syllogism indicates that its conclusion follows logically from its two premisis.

Question 21

Belief Bias

Answer 21

The tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believale.

Question 22

Mental Mode Approach

Answer 22

In deductive reasoning, determining if syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism.

Question 23

Mental Model

Answer 23

A specific situation represented in a person’s mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning.

Question 24

Conditional Syllogisms

Answer 24

Have two premises and a conclusion, but first premise has the form “If…then.” Common in everyday life.

Question 25

Wason Four-Card Problem

Answer 25

Conditional reasoning task; 4 cards; used to study mechanisms that determine outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks.

Question 26

Falsification Principle

Answer 26

To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule.

Question 27

Permission Schema

Answer 27

If a person satisfies a specific condition, then they get to carry out an action.

Question 28

Expected Utility Theory

Answer 28

Assumption that people are basically rational; if people have rational information, will make a decisuion that results in maximum expected utility.

Question 29

Utility

Answer 29

Outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

Question 30

Expected Decisions

Answer 30

Emotions that people predict they will feel for a particular outcome.

Question 31

Risk Aversion

Answer 31

The tendency to avoid taking risks; increases with tendency to predict a particular loss will have a greater impact than a win of the same size.

Question 32

Incidental Emotions

Answer 32

Emotions that are not caused by having to make a decision. Related to a person's general disposition, something that happened in day, general environment.

Question 33

Opt-In Procedure

Answer 33

Active step to choose a course of action.

Question 34

Opt-Out Procedure

Answer 34

Must take an active step to avoid a course of action.

Question 35

Status Quo Basis

Answer 35

The tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision.

Question 36

Risk Aversion Strategy

Answer 36

Decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often when problem stated in terms of gains.

Question 37

Risk-Taking Strategy

Answer 37

Decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks; often when stated in terms of losses.

Question 38

Framing Effect

Answer 38

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated or framed; gains = risk aversion; loss = risk-taking strategy.

Question 39

Neuroeconomics

Answer 39

Research from fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics to study how brain activation is related to decisions that involve potential gains or losses.

Question 40

Ultimatum Game

Answer 40

2 players, one is proposer one is responder; proposer gets sum of $ with an offer for splitting, if accepted they split, if rejected no one gets $.

Question 41

Dual Systems Approach

Answer 41

The idea that there are two mental systems; a fast, automatic, intuitive system, and a slower, more deliberate, thoughtful system (2).

Question 42

What does the strength of an inductive argument depend on?

Answer 42

Representativeness, number and quality of observations on argument.

Question 43

Base Rate Information

Answer 43

The relative proportion of different classes in the population; farmer vs librarian

Question 44

How are truth and validity of syllogism different?

Answer 44

Truth - determined by the content of statements in syllogism and has to do with how statements correspond to known facts.

Question 45

Anterior Insula

Answer 45

Associated with emotions that occur during ultimatum game.

Question 46

PFC

Answer 46

Involved in cognitive demands of the task.