Language - Chapter 11

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

System of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.

Question 2

Hierarchical Nature of Language

Answer 2

Consists of a series of small components that can be combined to form larger units.

Question 3

Rule-Based Nature of Language

Answer 3

Components can be arranged in certain ways, but not in other ways.

Question 4

Psycholinguistics

Answer 4

Field concerned with the psychological study of language.

Question 5

Lexicon

Answer 5

All the words we know; mental dictionary.

Question 6

Semantics

Answer 6

Meaning of language.

Question 7

Lexical Semantics

Answer 7

The meaning of words.

Question 8

Word Frequency

Answer 8

The frequency with which a word appears in a language.

Question 9

Word Frequency Effect

Answer 9

The fact that we respond more rapidly to high-frequency words than to low-frequency words.

Question 10

Lexical Decision Task

Answer 10

The task to decide as quickly as possible whether strings of letters are words or nonwords.

Question 11

Speech Segmentation

Answer 11

The perception of individual words even though there are often no pauses between words.

Question 12

Lexical Ambiguity

Answer 12

When a word has more than one meaning.

Question 13

Lexical Priming

Answer 13

Priming that involves the meaning of words.

Question 14

Meaning Dominance

Answer 14

The relative frequency of the meanings of ambiguous words.

Question 15

Biased Dominance

Answer 15

When one meaning occurs more often than another meaning.

Question 16

Balanced Dominance

Answer 16

When each meaning is equally likely.

Question 17

Syntax

Answer 17

The structure of a sentence.

Question 18

Parsing

Answer 18

How meaning is created by the grouping of words into phrases.

Question 19

Garden Path Sentences

Answer 19

Begin appearing to mean one thing but then end up meaning something else.

Question 20

Temporary Ambiguity

Answer 20

When the meaning of a sentence is ambiguous because a number of meanings are available, depending on how sentence unfolds.

Question 21

The Garden Path Model of Parsing

Answer 21

As people read a sentence, their grouping of words into phrases is governed by a number of processing mechanisms called heuristics.

Question 22

Heuristics

Answer 22

A rule that can be applied rapidly to make a decision.

Question 23

Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing

Answer 23

Information in addition to syntax participates in processing as a person reads or hears a sentence.

Question 24

Visual World Paradigm

Answer 24

Determining how information in a scene can influence how a sentence is processed.

Question 25

Subject-Relative Construction

Answer 25

A sentence construction in which the subject of the main clause is also the subject in the embedded clause.

Question 26

Object-Relative Construction

Answer 26

A sentence construction in which the subject of the main clause is the object in the embedded clause.

Question 27

Inferences

Answer 27

Determining what the text means by using our knowledge to go beyond the information provided by the text.

Question 28

Narrative

Answer 28

Texts in which there is a story that progresses from one event to another.

Question 29

Coherence

Answer 29

The representation of the text in a person’s mind that creates clear relations between parts of the text and the main topic of the story.

Question 30

Anaphoric Inference

Answer 30

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence.

Question 31

Instrument Inference

Answer 31

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech.

Question 32

Causal Inference

Answer 32

Infer that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a previous sentence.

Question 33

Situation Model

Answer 33

A mental representation of what a text is about.

Question 34

Given-New Contract

Answer 34

A speaker should construct sentences so that they include two kinds of info: given information and new information.

Question 35

Common Ground

Answer 35

The mental knowledge and beliefs shared among conversational parties.

Question 36

Referential Communication Task

Answer 36

Task in which two people are exchanging information in a conversation, when this information involves reference.

Question 37

Entrainment

Answer 37

Synchronization between the two partners.

Question 38

Syntactic Coordination

Answer 38

When conversational partners end up coordinating their grammatical constructions.

Question 39

Syntactic Priming

Answer 39

Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a sentence will be produced with the same construction.

Question 40

Theory of Mind

Answer 40

The ability to understand what others think, feel, or believe. Ability to interpret and react to person’s gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and others that provide cues.

Question 41

Prosody

Answer 41

The pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language.

Question 42

Emoji’s

Answer 42

Pictographs.

Question 43

Tonic

Answer 43

The key of a musical composition; tonic note is first note of a scale in a particular key.

Question 44

Return to the Tonic

Answer 44

Common expectation that a song that begins with a tonic will end on the tonic.

Question 45

Broca’s Aphashia

Answer 45

Difficulty in understanding sentences with complex syntax.

Question 46

Congential Amusia

Answer 46

Patients born having problems with music perception.