Week 9/Chapter 9

Question 1

Conceptual Knowledge

Answer 1

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties.

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

Mental representations of a class or individual.

Question 3

Category

Answer 3

All possible examples of a particular concept

Question 4

Categorization

Answer 4

The process by which things are placed in categories.

Question 5

Definitional Approach to Categorization

Answer 5

We decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets the definition of the category.

Question 6

Family Resemblance

Answer 6

The idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways.

Question 7

Prototype Approach to Categorization

Answer 7

Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents that category.

Question 8

Prototype

Answer 8

A “typical” member of the category. Average.

Question 9

Typicality

Answer 9

High - category members closely resemble category prototype.
Low - does not closely resemble prototype.

Question 10

Sentence Verification Technique

Answer 10

Participants presented with statements, asked to answer yes or no.

Question 11

Typicality Effect

Answer 11

The ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly.

Question 12

Priming

Answer 12

When presentation of one stimulus facilitates the response to another stimulus.

Question 13

Exemplar Approach to Categorization

Answer 13

Determining whether an object is similar to other objects. involves many examples.

Question 14

Exemplers

Answer 14

Actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.

Question 15

Hierarchical Organization

Answer 15

Larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories, creating a number of levels of categories.

Question 16

Basic Level

Answer 16

Going above (super/global), results in a large loss of information; going below (sub/specific) results in little gain of information.

Question 17

Semantic Network Approach

Answer 17

Concepts are arranged in networks.

Question 18

Cognitive Economy

Answer 18

Storing shared properties just once at a higher-level node.

Question 19

Spreading Activation

Answer 19

An activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node.

Question 20

Lexical Decision Task

Answer 20

Participants read stimuli; some words, some not; indicate as quickly as possible whether each entry is a word or nonword.

Question 21

Connectionism OR Parallel Distributed Processing.

Answer 21

An approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes.

Question 22

Units

Answer 22

Circles, inspired by neurons found in the brain.

Question 23

Input Units

Answer 23

Activated by stimuli from environment.

Question 24

Hidden Units

Answer 24

Receive signals from input units; sends signals to output units.

Question 25

Output Units

Answer 25

Receive signals from hidden units.

Question 26

Connection Weight

Answer 26

Determines how signals sent rom one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.

Question 27

Graceful Degradation

Answer 27

Disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged.

Question 28

Category-Specific Memory Impairment

Answer 28

An impairment in which one loses the ability to identify one type of object, but can identify other types.

Question 29

Sensory-Function Hypothesis

Answer 29

Our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes functions.

Question 30

Multiple-Factor Approach

Answer 30

The idea of distributed representation; use more than just one or two features when grouping objects in terms of similarity.

Question 31

Crowding

Answer 31

Animals share many properties; artifacts share fewer.

Question 32

Semantic Category Approach

Answer 32

Specific neural circuits in the brain for some specific categories.

Question 33

Embodied Approach

Answer 33

Knowledge of concepts based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object,

Question 34

Semantic Somatotopy

Answer 34

Correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity.

Question 35

Semantic Dementia

Answer 35

Causes a general loss of knowledge for all concepts.

Question 36

Hub and Spoke Model

Answer 36

Areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL, which serves as a hub that integrates the information from these areas.

Question 37

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Answer 37

Demonstrate difference between hub and spoke; temporarily disrupt functioning of a particular area of human brain; pulsating magnetic field using stimulating coil over person’s skull.