Week 3/Chapter 3 Flashcards
Perception
Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses.
Inverse Projection Problem
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina.
Viewpoint Invariance
Ability to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints.
Bottom-Up Processing
Starts at the beginning of the system, when environmental energy stimulates the receptors.
Top-Down Processing
Originates in the brain, at the “top” of the perceptual system.
Ex: Identify object that fits scene more quickly.
Speech Segmentation
The ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins.
Transitional Probabilities
The likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word.
Statistical Learning
Process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language.
Likelihood Principle
We perceive the object that is most likely to have cause the pattern of stimuli that we have received.
Unconscious Inference
Our perceptions are the result of the unconscious assumptions, or inferences that we make about the environment.
Helmholtz Theory of Unconscious Inference
Likelihood principle and unconscious inference.
Apparent Movement
Movement is perceived while nothing is actually moving.
The Principle of Good Continuation
Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Objects overlapping are perceived as continuing behind overlapping object.
The Law of Pragnaz/Principle of Good Figure/Principle of Simplicity
Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
Principle of Similarity
Similar things appear to be grouped together.
Shape, size, orientation.
Regularities in the Environment
Certain characteristics of the environment that occur frequently.
Physical Regularities
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. Ex: horizontal and vertical orientations.
Oblique Effect
The fact that people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.
Light-From-Above Assumption
We assume that light is coming from above, because light in our environment, including sun and artificial light usually comes from above.
Semantic Regularities
Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.
Scene Schema
The knowledge of what a given scene typically contains.
Bayesian Inference
Our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood.
Prior Probability/Prior
Our initial belief about the probability of an outcome.
Likelihood (Baye)
The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.
