Week 3/Chapter 3

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses.

Question 2

Inverse Projection Problem

Answer 2

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina.

Question 3

Viewpoint Invariance

Answer 3

Ability to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints.

Question 4

Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 4

Starts at the beginning of the system, when environmental energy stimulates the receptors.

Question 5

Top-Down Processing

Answer 5

Originates in the brain, at the “top” of the perceptual system.
Ex: Identify object that fits scene more quickly.

Question 6

Speech Segmentation

Answer 6

The ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins.

Question 7

Transitional Probabilities

Answer 7

The likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word.

Question 8

Statistical Learning

Answer 8

Process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language.

Question 9

Likelihood Principle

Answer 9

We perceive the object that is most likely to have cause the pattern of stimuli that we have received.

Question 10

Unconscious Inference

Answer 10

Our perceptions are the result of the unconscious assumptions, or inferences that we make about the environment.

Question 11

Helmholtz Theory of Unconscious Inference

Answer 11

Likelihood principle and unconscious inference.

Question 12

Apparent Movement

Answer 12

Movement is perceived while nothing is actually moving.

Question 13

The Principle of Good Continuation

Answer 13

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Objects overlapping are perceived as continuing behind overlapping object.

Question 14

The Law of Pragnaz/Principle of Good Figure/Principle of Simplicity

Answer 14

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Question 15

Principle of Similarity

Answer 15

Similar things appear to be grouped together.

Shape, size, orientation.

Question 16

Regularities in the Environment

Answer 16

Certain characteristics of the environment that occur frequently.

Question 17

Physical Regularities

Answer 17

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. Ex: horizontal and vertical orientations.

Question 18

Oblique Effect

Answer 18

The fact that people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.

Question 19

Light-From-Above Assumption

Answer 19

We assume that light is coming from above, because light in our environment, including sun and artificial light usually comes from above.

Question 20

Semantic Regularities

Answer 20

Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.

Question 21

Scene Schema

Answer 21

The knowledge of what a given scene typically contains.

Question 22

Bayesian Inference

Answer 22

Our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood.

Question 23

Prior Probability/Prior

Answer 23

Our initial belief about the probability of an outcome.

Question 24

Likelihood (Baye)

Answer 24

The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.

Question 25

Bayesian…

Answer 25

restates Helmholtz’s ideas in terms of probabilities.

Question 26

How does Gestalt differ from the other three approaches to perception?

Answer 26

Principles of organization are built in, built in principles override experience, bottom-up processing.

Question 27

Brain Ablation

Answer 27

The study of the effect of removing part of the brain in animals.

Question 28

Object Discrimination Problem

Answer 28

Picking the correct shape.

Question 29

Landmark Discrimination Problem

Answer 29

Pick food well closer to the cylinder.

Question 30

What (Ventral) Pathway

Answer 30

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe.

Question 31

Where (Dorsal) Pathway

Answer 31

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe.

Question 32

Perception Pathway

Answer 32

Visual cortex to temporal lobe.

Question 33

Action Pathway (How)

Answer 33

Visual cortex to parietal lobe.

Question 34

Mirror Neurons

Answer 34

Neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grabbing an object and when the monkey itself grabs the object.

Question 35

Size-Weight Illusion

Answer 35

When a person is presented with two similar objects, that are the same weight but different sizes, the larger one seems lighter when they are lifted together.
Based off of predictions.