Week 9 Slides

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

Real, imagined or implied prescence of others on our thoughts, feelings and behviours

Question 2

Social Cognition

Answer 2

the process of attending, interpreting and remembering information about ourselves and others

Question 3

Impression Formation

Answer 3

Is the mental process of developing judgments about other people

Question 4

How do we form impressions of others

Answer 4

1. Primacy Effect
2. Stereotyping
3. Elements of physical appearance

Question 5

Primacy Effect

Answer 5

• An overall impressions about new people is influenced by the first information received about them

Question 6

Stereotyping

Answer 6

• Social Schemas and clusters of ideas used to categorise people into types
• normal cognitive process about expectations of members of a specific group
• May lead people to misperceive others

Question 7

Impression Formation

Answer 7

• based on elements of physical appearance

- evolutionary perspective says historically physical attractiveness was associate with reproductive potential

Question 8

Impression Management

Answer 8

The intentional steps we take to influence others opinions of us

Question 9

Attributions

Answer 9

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour, own behaviour

Question 10

Internal Attribution

Answer 10

Ascribe the cause of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities and feelings

Question 11

External Attribution

Answer 11

Ascribe the causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints

Question 12

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 12

Attributing Behaviour to some internal cause like personality or attitude

Question 13

Situational Attribution

Answer 13

Attributing behaviour to external causes or situational factors

Question 14

Bias in Attribution

Answer 14

• Judgement about ourselves compared to judgment about others
• protects one’s self concept
  1. Self Serving Bias
  2. Fundamental Attribution Error
  3. Just world bias (defensive bias)

Question 15

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 15

• When we make judgeent about others

- tendency to attribute others success to our own internal factors

Question 16

Self Serving Bias

Answer 16

• Judgement about self
• attribute own success to internal variables
• attribute failures to external factors

Question 17

Just World Hypothesis

Answer 17

• People want to beleive the world is fair
• To preserve this belief they blame victims of abuse or injustice for their situation
• do not wish to shed blame on perpetrators to preserve this scenario
• known as defensive attribution

Question 18

Attitudes

Answer 18

• learned emotional response to a stimulus or situation
• formed through experiences and the attitudes of those around us
• works on a continuum
• not always consistent

Question 19

Explicit Attitudes

Answer 19

• Attitudes we hold consciously and can readily describe

- social psychologists mostly focused on explicit attitudes

Question 20

Implicit Attitudes

Answer 20

• covert attitudes that are subtle automatic responses
• usually have little conscious control on theses
• measured by implicit association test

Question 21

Implicit Association Test

Answer 21

• IAT

- Computer administered measures how quickly people associate chosen pairs of concepts

Question 22

Generational Identity

Answer 22

shared experiences of a person’s age group

Question 23

How do Attitudes form and change

Answer 23

• Learning Theory
• Persuasion techniques
• Cognitive Dissonance

Question 24

Attitude to Formation and Change - Observational Learning

Answer 24

• Other peoples attitudes rub off on each other

- Studies show parents and children tend to similar political attitudes

Question 25

Attitude to Formation and Change - Classical Conditioning

Answer 25

- Emotional responses created through classical conditioning - known as evaluative conditioning - Our emotions create associations to attitudes

Question 26

Attitude to Formation and Change - Operant Conditioning

Answer 26

- Agreement from others strengthens our attitudes - disagreement may weaken our point of view - Dependent on the consequences of change

Question 27

3 factors to cause someone to change their attitude

Answer 27

- Status of persuader - Clarity of message - Ability to Understand the message

Question 28

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Status of persuader

Answer 28

- Status of persuader * * someone of high status may be considered successful and thus knowledgeable - Clarity of message * * A clear concises and accurate

Question 29

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Status of persuader

Answer 29

Someone of high status may be considered successful and thus knowledgeable

Question 30

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Clarity of Message

Answer 30

A clear concises and accurate

Question 31

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Clarity of Message

Answer 31

A clear concise and accurate argument should be put forward

Question 32

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Ability to understand message

Answer 32

Individuals being persuaded must be capable of understanding the message

Question 33

Factors to cause someone to change their attitude - Celebrity attributes

Answer 33

``` If a celebrity seems - credible - expert - trustworthy - likable - physically attractibe this will be persuasive in stimulating attitude change ```

Question 34

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 34

- related cognitions contradict each other - creates unpleasant state of tensions - tension motivates people to reduce their dissonance

Question 35

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 35

- Leon Festinger 1957 - Inconsistency among attitudes fosters attitude change - Contrary cognitions between belief and bheavour ↓ Cognitive Dissonance ↓ Attitude change

Question 36

What increases Dissonance

Answer 36

Inconsistency between action and beleif

Question 37

What decreases Dissonance

Answer 37

Change in belief or action that causes change of perception or action

Question 38

Strategies to decrease Dissonance

Answer 38

1. Change in behaviour 2. Change in attitude 3. Explaining away inconsistency 4. Denial of responsibility 5 Reduction of importance of tension