Slides Week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Personality
A
- A person’s characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking and feeling
- an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
2
Q
What is a Trait
A
- an enduring and characteristic way of behaving
- a disposition
- a tendency towards a behaviour such as cautious or adventurous
- Traits such as friendly, shy, uptight, boring and so on
3
Q
Consistency Tendency
A
Stability of behaviour across situations
4
Q
Trait Distinctiveness
A
Behavioural differences of people reacting to the same situation
5
Q
Person vs Situation
A
- Or Trait vs State
- the difference of each person to respond to the same situation
6
Q
Influences of Personality
A
- Development
- Learning
- Environment
- Genetics
- Nurture
- Multifactorial Causation
- Theoretical Diversity
7
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
A
- Freud’s Term for his theory of personality for treating psychological disorders
- Said physical complaints not located in organic disease
- Rather sickness begins in mental conflicts that the patients are unaware of
8
Q
Freud’s two parallel theories
A
- Psychotherapy focuses on the influence of early childhood experiences, unconscious motives
- The methods people use to cope with sexual urges and aggressive urges
- Personality theory
9
Q
Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
A
Personality is a product of early experience and unconsious drives
10
Q
Learning/Social Cognitive approach to Personality
A
Roles of learning and cognition in shaping human behaviour
11
Q
Humanistic approach to Personality
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Personality as a reflection of personal growth and search for meaning in life
12
Q
Biological (trait) approach to personality
A
Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions that form individual personalities
13
Q
Two underlying premises of psychodymanic Theory
A
- Individuals often are unconscious of their motives
- Defence Mechanisms keep unacceptable or anxious thoughts at bay and out of the consciousness
14
Q
Differences in personality between people
A
- Individual’s unconscious motives
- How these motives are manifested
- How people choose to defend themselves from anxiety
15
Q
Ego
A
- Conscious
- Everything we are thinking about at any given moment
- Reason and self control
- “Your grown up and practical self”
16
Q
Super-Ego
A
- Pre Conscious
- Thoughts and feelings we easily bring to mind
- Quest for perfection
- “your philosophical and spiritual ideal self”
17
Q
Id
A
- Unconscious
- Thoughts and feelings that are difficult to call up because they have been repressed
- Primal desires
- Basic nature
- “Your wild Child”
18
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis - ID
A
The ID is the primitive, unconscious part of the personality, which contains the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle—that is, it tries to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and gain immediate gratification of its wishes. It is the source of the libido, the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality
19
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis – Ego
A
The EGO is the rational, largely conscious system, which operates according to the reality principle: It considers the constraints of the real world in determining appropriate times, places, and objects for gratification of the id’s wishes.
20
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis – Super Ego
A
The SUPEREGO is the moral system of the personality, consisting of the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience consists of all the behaviors for which the child has been punished and about which he or she feels guilty; and the ego ideal comprises the behaviors for which the child has been praised and rewarded and about which he or she feels pride and satisfaction
21
Q
How does Freud view behaviour
A
- The outcome of ongoing internal conflicts between id, ego and super-ego
- Conflicts centre around sex and aggression
- Conflicts lead to anxiety that create defense mechanisms and self deception as forms of self protection
22
Q
What are Defence Mechanisms
A
A means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and maintain self esteem
23
Q
9 Freudian Defence Mechanisms
A
- Denial
- Repression
- Projection
- Rationalisation
- Regression
- Reaction Formation
- Displacement
- Sublimation
- Identification
24
Q
Denial
A
Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a danger or threat
25
Repression
* Involuntary removal of an unpleasant memory, thought or perception from consciousness
* Blocking disturbing sexual or aggressive impulses from the consciousness
26
Projection
Attributing ones own undesirable traits, thoughts, behaviours and impulses to another
27
Rationalisation
Supplying a logical, rational or socially acceptable reason rather that the real reason for an action or event
28
Regression
Reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development
29
Reaction Formation
Expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing unconscious impulses ad desires
30
Displacement
Substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse
31
Sublimation
• Rechannelling sexual and aggressive energy into pursuits
32
Evaluation of Psychoanalysis
* Freud stimulated a wide range of therapeutic techniques and personality assessments
* Events that we don't recall can unconsciously influence thoughts and actions
* Freud overemphasised sex and aggression
* Not much empirical evidence for some concepts such as dream analysis
* His Theories can not be tested scientifically
33
Skinner's Radical Behaviourism
* Behaviourism developed on 1953
* Said Psychology should only study observable behaviour to be scientific
* Did not recognise cognitive processes because they were not observable
* Behaviour in fully determined by the environment.
* Believed in Nature over Nurture
34
Behaviour determined by environmental stimuli
Classical and Operant Conditioning
35
Radical Behaviourism
* Skinner said that personality like behaviour is learned through conditioning
* Viewed personality as response tendencies that are tied to stimulus situations
* Enviromental consequences determine peoples pattern of responding
* Response tendencies are constantly being strengthened or weakened by experiences
* development of personality is a continuous process throughout life.
36
Reinforcement
* means to strengthen
* any stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response
37
Punishment
* any change in environment that occurs after a given behavior
* reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
38
Extinction
The disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced.
39
Stimulus Situation
* includes all the factors related to the particular stimuli
* eg: Attending a party where you don't know many people
* will have many different responses that are dependant on previous experiences
40
Operant Response Tendencies
Different responses that vary in strength based on past conditioning.
41
Evaluation of Radical Behaviourism
* Skinner’s ideas have been highly influential, particularly in child development, education and therapeutic settings
* considered too mechanical, radical and deterministic
* View of personality influences too limited
* Role of unconscious, biology, cognition and free will needs to be considered
42
* Albert Bandura - 1977
* Social Cognitive Theorist
* worked to reshape and modify behaviourism
* people are not passive participants
* people are proactive in their approach to influence outcomes of their behaviour
43
Reciprocal Determinism
* Bandura said
* **Environment** influences behaviour
* BUT
* **Behaviour** also influences the environment
* people can select their environments and alter them
* AND
* **Personal** **factors** determine are are shaped by environment and behaviour
44
Observational Learning
* Occurs when the way an organism responses are inflenced by observing others
* these others are called role models
* People's patterns of behaviours are shaped by their role models
* Self Efficacy is required to beleive in one's own abiity to perform
45
Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theory
* Highly influential in child development, education and therapeutic settings
* testable hypotheses
* Criticised for being limited by ignoring the unconsious experience and role of heredity
* doesn't focus enough on subjective experiences
46
Humanistic Perspective
* Primarily concerned with helping individuals reach their maximum developmet potential
* emphasises dignity and worth of each human being.
47
Two Major Humanistic Theories
1. Carl Rogers - Person Centred Theory
2. Abraham Maslow - Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs
48
Conditions of Worth
Conditions on which the positive regard of others rests
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Unconditional Positive Regard
Unqualified caring and non judgemental acceptance of another
50
Humanistic Perspective - Person Centred Theory
* Carl Rogers - 1950's
* part of the Humanist Movement
* Third Force of Psychology
* Reaction to psychodynamic and behavioural theories
* Saw personality in terms of self-concept and the individuals mental picture of themselves
51
Self-concept
A collection of beleifs about one's own nature, quaities and typical behaviour
52
Person Centred Approach
* Focus on people's tendencey to create beleif systems and narratives about the self and world
* This narrative then shapes behaviour
* Each individual understands and responds to the world in a way that shapes their personality
* When Self-concept and reality don't match this creates incongruence
* When incongruence occurs anxiety occurs and reality is threatened
53
Self Actualisation
* Developing to one's fullest potential
* The Pursuit of self defined goals for personal fulfillment and growth
54
Peak Experiences
Experiences of deep meaning, insight within oneself and harmony with the universe
55
Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs
* Abraham Maslow - 1960's
* Goal of personality development is to reach a level where behaviour is motivated by the drive to attain our fullest potential
* this is called self actualisation
* Hallmark of self actualisers is having frequent peak experiences
* Systematic arrangement of needs according to priority
* Basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
56
Levels of Maslow's Heirarchy of needs
1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belonging and Love needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Need for Self Actualisation
57
Maslow's Phsysiological Needs
Need to satisfy the basic biological needs for food water, oxygen, sleep and elimination
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Maslow's Safety Needs
Need for safety and security
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Maslow's Belonging and Love Needs
* Need to love and be loved
* Need to affiliate with others and be accepted
60
Maslow's Esteem Needs
* Need to acheive
* Need to gain competence
* need to gain respect and recognition from others
61
Maslow's Need for Self-Actualisation
The nees to realise one's fullest potential
62
Evalation of Humanistic Perspectives
* Therapeutic applications highly influential
* emphasis on self may lead to self indulgence
* Focus on conscious experience is a weakness in terms of scientific investigation
63
What are Traits
* Personal qualities or characteristics
* They are stable across situations
* can be used to descrobe personality
64
Name 2 Trait Theories
1. Eysenck's Trait Theory
* Psychoticism
* Extroversion
* Neuroticism
2. McRae & Costa - Five Factor Model
* O - Openness
* C - Conscientiousness
* E - Extraversion
* A - Agreeableness
* N - Neurotocisim
65
* Hans Eysenck - 1967
* Developed Eysenck's Trait Theory
* Biological theories stress the genetic origins of personality
* Focused on Nature over Nurture
* Genes influence physiological functioning
* Physiological functioning eases the aquisition of conditioned responses
66
Eysenck's PEN Model
1. Psychoticism/Ego Control
2. Extraversion/Introversion
3. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability
67
Eysenck's Trait Theory - Introversion vs Extraversion
* Introversion involves directing attention on inner experiences
* Extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment
68
Eysenck's Trait Theory - Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability
* This dimesion relates to moodiness vs even temperedness
* Neuroticism refers to an individual who tends to become upset or emotionalt
* Emotional stability refers to an individual who tends to remain emotionally consistent
69
Eysenck's Trait Theory - Psychoticism vs Ego Control
After studying individual people who suffered from mental illness Eysenck added psychoticism to his trait theory
* Psychoticism refers to a difficulty dealing with reality
* may be anti-social, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative
70
Eysenck's Hierarchical Taxonomy
Four Level Hierachical taxonomy based on factor analysis
1. **Superfactors** (traits): Psycoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism
2. **Factors:** sociability and positive affect
3. **Habits:** liking to study with a group of people
4. **Behaviours:** Studying for an exam with a group of people
71
Eysenck's Trait Taxonomy Tree
1. Higher order trait - like Extraversion
2. Traits - like socialbility, liveliness, activeness, assertiveness
3. Habitual Responses
4. Specific Responses
72
Five Factor Model
* FIVE central traits that can account for most of the individual differences between people
* Called the Big Five by McRae and Costa 1987
* NEO-Personality Inventory measures Five central traits
* Draws from the biological perspectives
73
List the Five Factor Model traits
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
74
Five Factor Model – Trait of Openness:
Low Score – Practical, conventional, prefers routine
High Score – Curious, wide range of interests, independent
Measures: Imagination, feelings, actions and ideas
75
Five Factor Model – Trait of Conscientiousness
Low Score – Impulsive, careless, disorganised
High Score – Hardworking, Dependable, Organised
Measures: competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven
76
Five Factor Model – Trait of Extroversion
Low Score – Quiet, reserved, withdrawn
High Score – Outgoing , warm, seeks adventure
Measures: Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
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Five Factor Model – Trait of Agreeableness
Low Score – Critical, uncooperative, suspicious
High Score – Helpful, trusting, empathetic
Measures: Cooperative, trustworthy, good natured
78
Five Factor Model – Trait of Neuroticism
Low Score - Calm, Even tempered, secure
High Score – Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
Measures: Tendency toward unstable emotions
79
Evaluation of Biological Perspectives
* Influential in current research
* Generated a wide variety of instruments for personality measurement
* Does not explain how traits may combine to form complex and dynamic individuals
* It is unclear if Trait Theory can be adapted cross culturally
* Sitation influences behaviour
* People differ in motivation
80
Assessing Personality
* Behavioural assessment – used to count and record the frequency of particular behavious
* Structured Interviews – compare responses from one interviewee to another in similar circumstances
* Rating Scales – Used to quantify behaviours that occur during observations or interview
81
3 Types of Personality Inventories
1. MMPI-2
2. CPI
3. MBTI
82
MMPI-2
* Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
* Extensively researched and widely used
* Used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric disorders
83
CPI Test
* California Personality Inventory
* Designed to assess the normal personality
* Developed for typical individuals aged 13+ yrs
84
MBTI Test
* Myers-Briggs type indicator
* Examines scores to group people into 16 categories
* These represent combinations of four dimensions
85
Projective Tests
* Rorschach inkblot Method
* Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
People respond to inkblots of **ambiguous human situations** by projecting their inner thoughts, feelings, fears or conflicts on to the test.
86
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
* Drawings of ambiguous human situations that the test taker describes
* Thought to reveal inner conflicts, feelings and motives
* These are projected onto test materials
