Tutorial 1 - Week 2 Flashcards
Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation
- Reason 1990
- Theory that explains accidents can occur if there are holes that when added together allow the conditions of accident to occure
Latent Conditions
- Features that may contribute to an accident.
- By themselves, each Latent Condition does not cause an accident
- Multiple Latent conditions added together create an accident
Causation
- How one variable stimulates another variable to influence and outcome
Causation in Behaviour
- Behavior is determined by multiple causes
- Biopsychosocial model describes Swiss Cheese Model of Causation
Three Concepts important to the definition of Psychology
- Science
- Behaviour
- Mental Processes
Contemporary Psychological Perspectives asks . . .
- Why do we behave the way we do and think the way we think?
Seven Unifying Themes of Psychology
- Psychology is Empirical
- Pschology is Theoretically Diverse
- Psycology evolves in Socio-Historical Context
- Behaviour has Multiple Causes
- Behaviour is influenced by Cultural Heritage
- Heredity and Environment influence behaviour
- People’s experience is highly subjetive
Principle Contributors of Psychoanalitcal Theory
- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
Principle Contributors of Behavioural Theory
- Ivan Pavlov
- BF Skinner
- John Watson
Principle Contributors of Humanistic Theory
- Carl Rogers
- Abraham Maslow
Principle Contributors of Cognitive Theory
- Jean Piaget
- Noam Chomsky
- Herbert Simon
Principle Contributors of Biological/Neuroscience Theory
- James Olds
- Roger Sperry
- David Hubel
- Torsten Weisel
Principle Contributors of Sociohistorical Theory
- Soloman Asch
- Stanley Milgram
- Phillip Zimbardo
Principle Contributors of Evolutionary Theory
- David Buss
- Leda Cosmides
- John Tooby
Principle Contributors of Positive Psychology Theory
- Martin Seligman
A New Science is born
- Psychology stems from philosophy and physiology
- Wilhem Wundt founded Psycholgoy in 1879
- Wundt said Psyhcology should be the specific study of consciousness
G. Stanley Hall
- Launched first American Psychological Journal 1887
- Helped establish the American Psychological Association - 1892
Strucutalism vs Functionalism
- Structuralists says Psychology should analyse the consciousness in its basic elements
- We use introspection to analyse consciousness
- Functionalism says we should study the purpose of consciousness
- Functionalism then fostered the emergence of behaviourism and applied psychology
Freud focuses on unconscious
- Freud was controversial but also influential
- Psychoanalysis emphasises unconscious behaviour and importance of sexuality
- unconscious has strong influence on consciousness and behaviour
Behaviourism Debuts
- Founded by John B Watson
- psychology should only study observable behaviour
- Disregarded the consciousness
- Nurture over Nature
- Pioneered animal research
- BF Skinner said that free will was an illusion
Humanist response to Behaviourism
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- Emphasises the unique qualities of human behaviour and said animal research is irrelevant
- Had optimistic view of human nature
- Said people had free will and had potential for growth
Cognitve Approach resurfaces
- psychology began to focus on consciousness again
- renewed interest in cognition and biological bases of behaviour
Interest in cultural factors grows
- Western psychologists began to be aware of the influence on culture on behaviour
- Global diversity and diversity within Western culture became factors
Evolutionary psychology gains prominence
- 1990s
- patterns of behaviour can be seen as the product of evolution just like physical changes
- Natural selection favours behaviours that increase survival
