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D-advanced anat > Week 9- Respiratory system > Flashcards

Week 9- Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of respiratory system

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

Controls Ph of blood

vocalization

cleans inspired air

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2
Q

Describe function and structure of alveol

A

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs here

Structured like a clump of balls all together
grapevine ish

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3
Q

type 1 cells function

A

simple squamous- thinnest layer

allow for exchange of gases

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4
Q

type II cells function

A

secrete surfactant (protein)

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5
Q

alveolar macrophages function

A

phagocytes that protect alveoli

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6
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

decrease surface tension which prevents alveoli from collapsing

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7
Q

What can happen if there is no surfactant?

A

collapsed lung

alveoli will collapse/close- causing no air to get in or out

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8
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Increased volume= decreased pressure
Decreased volume = increased pressure

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9
Q

inhalation-

A

Diaphragm will contract- will straighten and pull lung tissue down with it

increased volume of lungs= decreased pressure,

air outside of lungs is forced into lungs to equal out pressure

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10
Q

Exhalation

A

diaphragm will relax

decrease volume in lungs-increase pressure

air is forced out of lungs b/c of changes in pressure

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11
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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12
Q

Describe how compliance can affect ventilation

A

ability of lungs to stretch(allow in) and recoil(allows air out)

Too high- cant recoil to let air out
Too low-cant stretch to let air in

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13
Q

Describe how airway resistance (including sympathetic and parasympathetic effects ) can affect ventilation

A

Para- increase resistance by contracting airways (decreases diameter)

symp- dilate airways, allows more air to come in

inflammation- narrows airways-too much fluid will come in

spams of smooth muscle- narrows airways by constriction

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14
Q

Describe the specific details of pulmonary gas exchange (where are gases specifically going and why are they going in certain direction?)

A

is the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in the pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction

Each gas diffuses from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

alveoli/lung- starts w/ high 02 and low co2
blood-starts w/ high co2 and low 02
swap-blood is high 02 and lung is high co2

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15
Q

Describe the specific details of systemic gas exchange (where are gases specifically going and why are they going in certain direction?)

A

The respiratory system provides the
oxygen so that the systemic circuit can
deliver the oxygen to body cells and
tissues

Each gas diffuses from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

Blood- starts w/ high 02 and low co2
tissues-starts w/ high co2 and low 02
swap-tissues is high 02 and blood is high co2

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16
Q

How is oxygen transported in the systemic circuit so that it can get to the cells?

A

oxygen will bind to the rbc because of hemoglobin

hemoglobin will use iron to help stick to cells

17
Q

What is tissue perfusion?

A

with blood flow, oxygen delivery or a combination of flow and nutritional supply including that of oxygen.

18
Q

Why is it important to maintain tissue perfusion?

A

vital for all metabolic processes
influences tissue repair and resistance
linked to blood flow and oxygen delivery

19
Q

Describe the concept of “affinity” and how it relates to oxygen transport on red blood cells

A

When high partial pressure of 02, increased affinity-cell will be sticky and keep oxygen in

when low partial pressure of 02, low affinity- hemoglobin will release 02 to where it needs to go

20
Q

How is CO2 transported in blood so that it can get to the lungs? How is it primarily transported and how does it get exhaled? Be able to describe the specifc transport starting at tissues and ending at alveoli–this includes the chemical reaction and chloride shift

A

Body cells get rid of 02, and will pick up Co2 inside of capillaries

Co2 will combine with water, will go through bicarbonate shift, and enter plasma

Bicarbonate will go from tissues to lungs, into alveoli and reverse reaction, back to c02 where lungs can now breathe it out

21
Q

Chemical reaction/ chloride shift reaction

A

Co2 + h20 <–> H2Co3<–> Hco3 +H

cl will fill in for hco3 until it is ready to reverse reaction, then turn back into hco3

22
Q

How would inflammation or excess fluid in lungs affect pulmonary gas exchange?

A

inflammation- decrease rate of exchange- not getting enough 02

pulmonary edema- decrease rate of exchange

23
Q

What could cause fluid in the lungs (alveoli)?

A
  1. Partial pressure difference of gases
  2. Surface area available for gas exchange
  3. Diffusion distance (through respiratory
    membrane)
  4. Molecular weight and solubility of gase
24
Q

What can you check for in an Arterial Blood Gas test?

A

partial pressure of 02
partial pressure of co2
blood ph
oxygen saturation

25
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

respiratory rate

26
Q

pons function - apneustic and pneumotoxic center

A

help M.O

A and P will help transition from inhalation to exhalation

27
Q

cortical (cerebrum) function

A

take a deep breath
hold your breath

28
Q

Describe the roles of these sensory receptors in the control of respiration:

chemoreceptors,

A

detect chemicals

Co2, 02, Ph

29
Q

Describe the roles of these sensory receptors in the control of respiration:
proprioceptors

A

tell where body is

if exercising - will jack up heart rate

30
Q

Describe the roles of these sensory receptors in the control of respiration:
stretch receptors

A

if lungs are overinflated- forced to exhale

31
Q

apnea

A

without breathing

sleep apnea

32
Q

dyspnea

A

labored/difficulty breathing

33
Q

Describe how the respiratory system can control blood pH by forcing the body to hyperventilate or hypoventilate

A

blood is acidic=low ph=high h
Will hyperventilate so you can blow co2, will lower h level

blood is alkaline=high ph=low h
will hypoventilate so you can retain h, will raise h level

34
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of one breath in or out of respiratory tract during normal respiration

35
Q

residual volume

A

volume remaining in respiratory tract after maximal expiration

36
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume that can be moved into respiratory tract (inhaled) after normal inspiration

37
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved out of respiratory tract (exhaled) after normal
expiration

38
Q

vital capacity

A

the largest amount of air that can be moved IN and OUT of the lungs (TV + IRV + ERV)

39
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of air the lung can hold (RV + TV + IRV + ERV)

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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