week 1-cellular metabolism Flashcards
main inorganic
generally do not contain carbon
carbon dioxide
water
salts
main organic
always contain carbon
sugar
fats
proteins
intracellular fluid
found inside of cells(2/3)
extracellular fluid
found outside of cells (1/3)
Plamsa
interstitial fluid
Electrolyte examples
sodium
potassium
calcium
chloride
phosphate
magnesium
Electrolyte +examples
-controls fluid balance of the body
-important in muscle contraction
-nerve impulses
-energy generation
-every major biochemical reaction
buffers
resist changes in ph
bring solution back to neutral(7.35-7.45)
Ph+ significance in body
-measurement of molarity of H in body
-a change in 1 ph means it is 10x as acidic
high ph-low hydrogen
low ph-high hydrogen
Function of carbohydrates
sugars are quickly broken down to generate energy(ATP)
Functions of lipids
used as secondary source for atp
form cholesterol
insulates organs
Function of ATP
bodies most important energy-transfer molecule
How is energy stored in ATP molecule
holds energy in covalent bonds-phosphate bonds
How is ATP gereneted
when glucose(large molecule) breakdown
,
the electrons that are given off help bind ADP to P,
making ATP
What processes produces new cells in body
mitosis-2 daughter, 46 chromosomes
meiosis- sex cells, 23 chromosomes(sperm, oocytes)
What calls cannot be replaced in body
nuerons
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
What is function of cell membrane
regulation of exchange between external environment
allows things into and out of cells
What types of proteins help with cell membrane function
phospholipid bilayer
glycocalyx
integral/membrane proteins
Metabolism
All the cellular reactions of the body at a given time
Catabolism
large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
electrons given off help to form ATP
Anabolism
builds substances for growth and repair
small molecules make a larger molecule
requires ATP
purpose of enzymes
function as biological catalysts
permit reactions to occur rapidly at a normal body temperature
Breaks covalent bonds between monomers in substrate
unique characteristics of enzymes
enzymes are reusable
work at over 1 million per minute
PH and temperature help change its shape
What is cellular respiration
energy releasing reactions that breakdown glucose and fatty acids to be energy source in synthesis of ATP
what is purpose of cellular respiration
breaks down molecules so ATP can be synthesized
Cellular respiration complete equation
glucose+ 6O2+ 36ADP+ 36P =
6Co2 +6H20+ 36 ATP
How many ATP molecules are formed from one glucose molecule
36
4 steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis
formation of acetyl co-a
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
Aerobic reactions+where in cell do occur
occurs in mitochondria
-formation of acetylene co a
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport chain
anaerobic reactions+where in cell do occur
glycolysis
occurs in cytosol
Primary types of molecules that can be broken down to make atp
glucose + lipids
general function of dna
has instructions for synthesizing all of the bodies proteins
transfers heredity information from cell to cell
general function of rna
carries out genetic instruction(from dna) to synthesize proteins
assembles amino acid in right order to produce proteins
basic chemical structure of dna
backbone of phosphate and sugar(deoxyribose)
A-T
C-G
T-A
G-C
basic chemical structure of rna
Backbone of phosphate and sugar (ribose)
A-U
T-A
C-G
G-C
transcripton
DNA makes RNA(mRNA)
mRNA Reads Dna, gives to ribosomes(tRNA)
translation
RNA links amino acids together to from proteins
process of protein synthesis
1-mRNA made from DNA
2-mRNA copies one strand of DNA
3mRNA breaks off, goes to ribosome
4-tRNA reads mRNA, makes amino acids from codons
5tRNA keeps going until stop codon
monosaccharides
simple sugars
glucose
galactose
fructose
disaccharides
composed of 2 monosaccharides
sucrose
lactose
maltose
polysaccharides
long chains of glucose
glycogen
starch
cellulose
structure proteins
keratin(hair)
collagen(bones skin teeth)
communication proteins
hormones
neurotransmetteurs
membrane transport proteins
channels
carrier proteins
hemoglobins
catalysts proteins
assist in biochemical reactons
enzymes
recognition and protection proteins
self proteins-differated between self and non self
antibodies-kill microorganisms
clotting proteins-blood clots
call adhesion
protein cells bind together
immune cells bind to cancer cells
acid
proton donor
base
proton acceptor
mRNA
Reads DNA
brings script to ribosomes
tRNA
Reads mRNA
build up proteins from mRNA script
