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D-advanced anat > Week 10-Urinary system > Flashcards

Week 10-Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the specific functions of urinary system (functions of the kidneys)

A

Forming urine-remove nitrogenous waste from blood

control blood volume/pressure

Control osmolarity of blood

Controls what solutes stay or get peed out

Control Ph

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2
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

functional unit

Filter blood

Form urine from filtered blood

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

cortical-85%

juxtamedullary-15%

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4
Q

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Filtration

A

First-filters substances from blood

Water, electrolytes, waste products, glucose and amino acids go from glomerulus into glomerular capsule

Will not let rbc, wbc, platelets or albumin get into gc

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5
Q

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Reabsorbtion

A

Happens second-returns necessary substances into blood

Filtered substances get reabsorbed into blood(normally are “good stuff”)

Some water, some electrolytes, all glucose, amino acids back into blood

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6
Q

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Secretion

A

Also happens second-secreting unwanted substances into tubes for excretion

Substances go directly from blood into tubule

(typically “bad stuff” that you want to pee out, like nitrogenous wastes, drugs, potassium and hydrogen )

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7
Q

What is the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)?

A

Amount of filtrate formed in all nephrons in both kidneys per minute

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8
Q

Why does the GFR need to be constant?

A

Needs to be constant so you can maintain proper kidney functions

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9
Q

In urinalysis—what are the physical properties of urine?

A

Volume

Color

Ph

Specific gravity

Odor

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10
Q

What is the clinical significance if urine output is too low or absent?

A

Can lead to kidney failure

can indicate kidney disease, dehydration, or circulatory shock

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance if the Specific Gravity

A

if too high, you could be peeing out too many substances-too concentrated

dehydration, kidney disease, or other conditions affecting solute concentration.

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12
Q

What are the substances that are normally found in urine (chemical composition of urine)?

A

urea, creatinine, and uric acid (nitrogenous wastes)
electrolytes and other solutes.

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13
Q

Which substances are nitrogenous wastes?

A

uric acid

urea

ammonia

Creatinine

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14
Q

How are these wastes produced in the body?

A

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through protein metabolism and nucleic acid breakdown.

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15
Q

Name general substances reabsorbed in the tubule (these are substances returned to the blood)

A

Some water, some electrolytes, all glucose, amino acids

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16
Q

Name general substances secreted in the tubule (these are substance that are added to the tubule to be excreted in urine)

A

H+-Hydrogen

K+-Potassium

Nitrogenous wastes(waste products)

drugs.

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17
Q

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: Type I Diabetes,

A

glucose, ketones

18
Q

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: Acute renal failure

A

albumin

foamy coke colored- Rbc

low output

19
Q

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: UTI

A

wbc

microbes

rbc

20
Q

Function of renin and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

A

is important in making angiotensin ll-activates RAAS

will increase blood volume/pressure

21
Q

function of angiotensin ll and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

A

causes release of ADH and aldosterone

will increase blood volume/pressure

22
Q

Function of ANP and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

A

will decrease reabsorption of sodium/water
(pee out more sodium/water)

lower blood volume/pressure
increase urine volume

23
Q

Function of Aldosterone and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

A

Will increase soduim and water reabsorption
(pee less sodium/water)

raise blood volume/pressure

24
Q

Describe the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

A

-hormone system that regulates blood pressure

Try to prevent you from dying of low blood pressure and going into shock/death

25
Q

How does ADH affect the osmolarity of the blood?

A

Blood volume=Blood pressure

Increased ADH= more blood volume/pressure and lower urine volume/pressure

Lower ADH=less blood volume/pressure and higher urine blood volume/pressure

26
Q

Describe how ADH can regulate blood osmolarity

A

Increased ADH
-decreases blood osmolarity
-concentrates urine

decreased ADH
-increases blood osmolarity
-dilutes urine.

27
Q

What is the effect of ADH on the concentration of urine?

A

Will take water out of urine and put into blood-causing concentrated urine

will decrease volume/pressure of urine and increase volume and pressure of blood

28
Q

Describe how a diuretic works-What does diuretic affect and what is the result?

A

Decrease reabsorption of sodium and water

Will increase urine volume so you can pee more

29
Q

What do the BUN and plasma creatinine blood tests indicate?

A

If these are high numbers= poor kidney function

if numbers are low= good kidney function

30
Q

Describe renal plasma (creatinine) clearance

A

kidney’s ability to remove substances from blood

31
Q

what does it mean if renal plasma clearance is LOW?

A

Low renal plasma clearance indicates poor kidney function or kidney failure.

32
Q

Describe the micturation reflex (this is an autonomic reflex)

A

Allow you to pee when bladder is full

detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes, leading to the release of urine from the bladder

33
Q

What is the purpose of dialysis?

A

external way to clean out plasma by removing nitrogenous wastes from body

return clean plasma to body

34
Q

Albumin

A

damage to filtration membrane due to injury or disease/infections, high BP, toxins

35
Q

Ketones

A

primarily diabetes mellitus but also anorexia/starvation, low carb diet

36
Q

Microbes

A

infections in the urinary tract—urine should be sterile

37
Q

Glucose

A

primarily diabetes mellitus but also stress which causes release of epinephrine/norepinephrine and cortisol

38
Q

Crystals

A

salts that precipitate out—found in a person with a kidney stone

39
Q

Red blood cells

A

acute inflammation from disease or kidney stones, tumors, trauma and kidney disease

40
Q

White blood cells

A

result of response to infection—called pyuria

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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