Week 11- Fluid/Electrolytes and Acid/Base balance Flashcards
Describe the 2 fluid compartments in the body
Extracellular
outside cells
1/3 of cell
Describe the 2 fluid compartments in the body
Intracellular
inside cell
2/3 of cell
give examples of types of ECF and indicate relative amount of fluid in each main compartment.
Plasma
interstitial fluid-between cells and tissues
CSF
Lymph
Describe how osmolarity affects the movement of water between body fluid compartments (between ECF and the cells)—
Want them to be the same outside of cells as inside of cells ECF=ICF
If not, since water follows salts this can cause problems
understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln
Hypertonic
More solutes outside of cell in ECF then there is inside of ICF
Water will follow salt outside of cell, cell will shrink or die
understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln
isotonic
No movement of water
ICF and ECF are equals, so water will not move and nothing will change in cell
understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln
hypotonic
less solutes outside in ECF then there is inside of ICF
Water will be drawn into the cell, causing cell to burst
Describe water gain and water loss in the body and the significance if these are not balanced
Water gain should = water loss
Water gain- mainly should be ingested fluids, some come from ingested food
water loss- mainly will come from kidneys(pee), some will go out through skin,(sweat) lungs and gi tract
What occurs in dehydration?
water loss is greater then water gain
What are primary symptoms and primary way to treat? dehydration
less urine and more concentrated urine
will be treated by fluid replacement
Differentiate between hypervolemia and hypovolemia—including causes and results
hypervolemia
Too much blood volume/ body fluid
kidney failure/heart failure can cause
Differentiate between hypervolemia and hypovolemia—including causes and results
hypovolemia
Too little blood volume/body fluid
excessive urinary loss, diarrhea, or vomiting, can lead to hypovolemic shock and death.
Why is sodium the most important electrolyte in ECF?
maintain body fluids
controls movement of water inside and outside of cells(water follows salt)
Name most abundant electrolyte in ICF.
Potassium
How does body adapt when blood become too concentrated (increased osmolarity)? This will include hormonal influences
ADH causes reabsorption of water only
this is hypertonic
increase adh so more water gets reabsorbed into body, will decrease osmolarity back to normal
How does body adapt when blood become Too dilute (decreased osmolarity)? This will include hormonal influences
ADH causes reabsorption of water only
this is Hypotonic
decrease Adh so less water reaborbes back to body, will level out osmolarity
How does body adapt if body fluid volume decreases? This will include hormonal influences
Salt water makes up volume of blood
-will try to add salt water to salt water (b/c this bv is too low)
angiotensin ll will release aldosterone
aldosterone will increase absorption of sodium and water
increased reabsorption will cause blood volume to go back to normal
How does body adapt if body fluid volume Increases? This will include hormonal influences
salt water makes up volume of blood
attempt to remove salt water from salt water
anp/bnp will decrease reaborbtion of sodium and water
you will pee out more na and water and keep less in blood, causing a lower bv
Sodium function
Most abundant in ECF
involved in:
nerve impulse
muscle contraction
distribution of water
resting membrane potential and generation of action potentials
chloride function
ECF
plays role in :
maintaining osmotic pressure
forming HCL
Ph balance
potassium function
abundant in ICF
plays role in:
resting membrane potential and generation of action potential
nerve impulse/muscle contration
intracellular fluid volume
regulares Ph
calcium function
Most abundant mineral in body
Plays role in:
Clotting blood
neurotransmitter release
muscle contraction
magnesium function
ATP production
protein synthesis
nerve& muscle function
bone strength
phosphate function
synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
ATP
Describe possible causes of hyponatremia and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each
Decrease in sodium- dysfunction of N.S
excessive vomiting/ diarrhea
excessive water intake-water intoxication
Describe possible causes of hypernatremia, and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each
increase in sodium- dysfunction of N.S
dehydration / not enough water intake
too much intake of sodium
Describe possible causes of hypokalemia and and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each
decrease in potassium- dysfunction of heart
excessive vomiting/ diarrhea
Increased aldosterone levels
diuretic
Describe possible causes of hyperkalemia and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each
increase in potassium- dysfunction of heart
too much intake of potassium
decreased aldosterone levels
renal failure
crushing injuries
Describe pH—how does a buffer work?
0 (acid) ——-7(neutral)———–14(alkaline)
Buffers- will go back to normal
if acid, will use alkaline buffer
if alkaline, will use acid buffer
Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal?
buffer system
Too acidic- add base to neutralize
Too alkaline- add acid to neutralize
(I.e phosphate, proteins, bicarbonate)
Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal?
exhalation
more co2= more h, less co2=less h
If blood is acidic- hyperventilate
if blood is alkaline- hypoventilate
Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal?
kidneys
if blood is acidic, pee out more h
if blood is alkaline, not pee as much/less h
What are the three main buffer systems in the body
kidneys
respitory
buffer system
alkalosis
blood is too alkaline
high on ph scale
doesn’t have enough h in it
acidosis
Blood is too acidic
low on ph scale
Has too much h in it
metabolic acidosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder
Causes: Diabetic-producing ketones, excessive diarrhea
Compensation: Lungs- hyperventilate
metabolic alkalosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder
Causes: vomit- lose acid & alkaline drugs
Compensation:Lungs- hypoventilate- keep more h in blood
respiratory acidosis —include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder
Causes: Hypoventilation(exhale less co2&h)
Compensation: Kidneys
Pee out more hydrogen
respiratory alkalosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder
Causes: Hyperventilation (exhale too much co2 and h)
Compensation:Kidneys
Pee out less hydrogen
