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D-advanced anat > Week 13- mitosis/meiosis > Flashcards

Week 13- mitosis/meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What types of cells are diploid and what does this mean?

A

have 46 chromosomes -23 pairs

regular body cells- epithelial, tissue, etc…

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2
Q

What types of cells are haploid and what does this mean?

A

sex cells –sperm and oocytes

23 chromosomes

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3
Q

Describe Mitosis—what types of cells undergo this type of cell division?

A

cell division in body cells

replace damaged/ worn out body cells

diploid cells

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a parent cell have?

A

46

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5
Q

How many cells result from the cell division? How many chromosomes do they have?

A

2 identical daughter cells

46 each-exact copy of each other/old parent cell

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6
Q

Are these cells similar to the parent cell or different from the parent cell?

A

these cells are exact copies of each other and the parent cell that they came from

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7
Q

What cells CANNOT undergo mitosis to be replaced?

A

nuerons

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What occurs in cancerous cells?

A

when you have uncontrolled mitosis

create cells that aren’t functional

can cause organs to not function correctly

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9
Q

Describe interphase (how does DNA replication occur?

A

Prep for cell division

dna replication

double up on all organelles

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10
Q

Phase 1 of mitosis

Prophase

A

nucelar envelope disintegrates - causes dna/rna to be free flowing and floating

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11
Q

Phase 2 of mitosis

metaphase

A

chromosomes will line up in the middle

chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers at polar ends

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12
Q

Phase 3 of mitosis

anaphase

A

chromosomes will pull apart towards both sides

half one way, half other way

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13
Q

Phase 4 of mitosis

telophase

A

puts dna into nuclear envelope on each side

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

complete final split on both sides

now you have two cells from one cell

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15
Q

Describe meiosis: what type of cells undergo this type of cell division?

A

process used to produce gametes(sperm and oocyte )

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does the primary cell have? in meiosis

A

start with diploid cell

46 chromosomes

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17
Q

How many nuclear divisions are there? How many cells result at the end of meiosis?

A

2 nuclear divisions

go from 1->2-> 4 final cells

ends with 4

18
Q

How many chromosomes do they have? in meiosis

A

each one has 23 chromosomes

in both sperm and oocyte

19
Q

Be able to describe and draw spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis) starting with the primary cell. Know names of ALL cells in each process. Know the number of chromosomes that are in EACH cell for each of these processes

A

_
___ ____ 23 |23+flagella
|
| |
| |
__ 23 |
|. |
| |________23 |23+flagella
46——————-|
|
|. __________23 |23+flagella
|__ 23 |
| |
|___________23 |23+flagella
primary secindary spermatids
spermatocyte. spermatocyte sperm

-Spermatogenysis——————— Spermiogenysys

20
Q

Be able to describe and draw oogenesis starting with the primary cell. Know names of ALL cells in each process. Know the number of chromosomes that are in EACH cell for each of these processes

A

_
___ ____ 23 *
|
|
|
_____ 23*
|. |
| |________23
46————————-|
|
|. __________23
|____ 23
|
|___________23

Primary top= top 1
oocyte secondary. oocyte
oocyte

                                     bottom                 bottom 3
                                    polar body            polar body
21
Q

Describe semen—glands involved and purposes of semen

A

semen is male part of reproduction

seminal glands create semen

urethra conducts semen

22
Q

What is the purpose of FSH and LH in a male?

A

Helps In process of sperm maturation

helps testosterone to be secreted

23
Q

What is the purpose of testosterone in a male?

A

Mainting reporoductive organs

motioning male characteristics -facial hair

mainting libido/ aggression

24
Q

Where is testosterone produced in a male?

A

testicles

25
Q

Where are GnRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

Where are , FSH produced?

A

anterior pituitary gland

27
Q

Where are LH produced?

A

antieroe pituitary gland

28
Q

Where are estrogen produced?

A

ovary

29
Q

Where are progesterone produced?

A

ovary

30
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

responsible for ovarian cycle

produce estrogen and progesterone

produce and develop oocyte

31
Q

Describe the “ovarian cycle” phases (follicular, ovulation, luteal)—including the differences in cycle if fertilization occurs vs. no fertilization. Include hormones involved in each part of the cycle.

A

GNRH- released to ant pit to tell it to release FSH and LH

FSH is released will develop follicle-when done-mature follicle will be ovulated

LH will cause the ovulation- will also stimulate formation of corpus lutetium

C.L will secrete estrogen and progesterone into uterine tube

estrogen and progesterone will maintain lining of uterus

If egg is fertilized-
egg will release HCG- will cause CL to stay and still work so that it can keep recreating E and P

If no fertilization-
No HCG = Cl will degernate, less levels of E and P

32
Q

What are the functions of the uterus

A

allow for implantation of embryo

maintain pregnancy

33
Q

Function of: layer 1 of uterus

perimetrium

A

outer layer

incomplete serosa continuous with peritoneal linin

34
Q

Function of: layer 2 of uterus

myometrium

A

middle layer

Smooth muscle layer providing force for childbirt

35
Q

Function of: layer 3 of uterus

endometrium

A

innermost layer

This layer will thicken each month in anticipation of implantation of an embryo

If no pregnancy—sheds and rebuilds each mont

36
Q

Describe the 3 phases of the uterine cycle—including the differences if fertilization occurs vs. no fertilization. Include hormones involved in each part of the cycle

A

1-menses phase
shed a portion of endometrium layer
Sharp decline in progesterone causes the shedding

2-proliferative phase
rebuilding phase
slowly replacing progesterone

3-secratory phase
both estrogen and progesterone are available
thickening endometrium layer
ready for implantation

if no fertilization- shed again

37
Q

What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
GnRH

A

stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

38
Q

What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Estrogen (in addition to role in uterine cycle)

A

painting line of uterus

main female hormone

maintain reproductive organs

helps keeps cholesterol low

39
Q

What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Oxytocin

A

contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation

40
Q

What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Prolactin

A

responsible for lactation, certain breast tissue development and milk production

41
Q

What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Relaxin

A

loosens and relaxes your muscles, joints and ligaments during pregnancy to help your body stretch

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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