Week 13- mitosis/meiosis Flashcards
What types of cells are diploid and what does this mean?
have 46 chromosomes -23 pairs
regular body cells- epithelial, tissue, etc…
What types of cells are haploid and what does this mean?
sex cells –sperm and oocytes
23 chromosomes
Describe Mitosis—what types of cells undergo this type of cell division?
cell division in body cells
replace damaged/ worn out body cells
diploid cells
How many chromosomes does a parent cell have?
46
How many cells result from the cell division? How many chromosomes do they have?
2 identical daughter cells
46 each-exact copy of each other/old parent cell
Are these cells similar to the parent cell or different from the parent cell?
these cells are exact copies of each other and the parent cell that they came from
What cells CANNOT undergo mitosis to be replaced?
nuerons
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
What occurs in cancerous cells?
when you have uncontrolled mitosis
create cells that aren’t functional
can cause organs to not function correctly
Describe interphase (how does DNA replication occur?
Prep for cell division
dna replication
double up on all organelles
Phase 1 of mitosis
Prophase
nucelar envelope disintegrates - causes dna/rna to be free flowing and floating
Phase 2 of mitosis
metaphase
chromosomes will line up in the middle
chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers at polar ends
Phase 3 of mitosis
anaphase
chromosomes will pull apart towards both sides
half one way, half other way
Phase 4 of mitosis
telophase
puts dna into nuclear envelope on each side
cytokinesis
complete final split on both sides
now you have two cells from one cell
Describe meiosis: what type of cells undergo this type of cell division?
process used to produce gametes(sperm and oocyte )
How many chromosomes does the primary cell have? in meiosis
start with diploid cell
46 chromosomes
How many nuclear divisions are there? How many cells result at the end of meiosis?
2 nuclear divisions
go from 1->2-> 4 final cells
ends with 4
How many chromosomes do they have? in meiosis
each one has 23 chromosomes
in both sperm and oocyte
Be able to describe and draw spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis) starting with the primary cell. Know names of ALL cells in each process. Know the number of chromosomes that are in EACH cell for each of these processes
_
___ ____ 23 |23+flagella
|
| |
| |
__ 23 |
|. |
| |________23 |23+flagella
46——————-|
|
|. __________23 |23+flagella
|__ 23 |
| |
|___________23 |23+flagella
primary secindary spermatids
spermatocyte. spermatocyte sperm
-Spermatogenysis——————— Spermiogenysys
Be able to describe and draw oogenesis starting with the primary cell. Know names of ALL cells in each process. Know the number of chromosomes that are in EACH cell for each of these processes
_
___ ____ 23 *
|
|
|
_____ 23*
|. |
| |________23
46————————-|
|
|. __________23
|____ 23
|
|___________23
Primary top= top 1
oocyte secondary. oocyte
oocyte
bottom bottom 3
polar body polar body
Describe semen—glands involved and purposes of semen
semen is male part of reproduction
seminal glands create semen
urethra conducts semen
What is the purpose of FSH and LH in a male?
Helps In process of sperm maturation
helps testosterone to be secreted
What is the purpose of testosterone in a male?
Mainting reporoductive organs
motioning male characteristics -facial hair
mainting libido/ aggression
Where is testosterone produced in a male?
testicles
Where are GnRH produced?
hypothalamus
Where are , FSH produced?
anterior pituitary gland
Where are LH produced?
antieroe pituitary gland
Where are estrogen produced?
ovary
Where are progesterone produced?
ovary
What are the functions of the ovaries?
responsible for ovarian cycle
produce estrogen and progesterone
produce and develop oocyte
Describe the “ovarian cycle” phases (follicular, ovulation, luteal)—including the differences in cycle if fertilization occurs vs. no fertilization. Include hormones involved in each part of the cycle.
GNRH- released to ant pit to tell it to release FSH and LH
FSH is released will develop follicle-when done-mature follicle will be ovulated
LH will cause the ovulation- will also stimulate formation of corpus lutetium
C.L will secrete estrogen and progesterone into uterine tube
estrogen and progesterone will maintain lining of uterus
If egg is fertilized-
egg will release HCG- will cause CL to stay and still work so that it can keep recreating E and P
If no fertilization-
No HCG = Cl will degernate, less levels of E and P
What are the functions of the uterus
allow for implantation of embryo
maintain pregnancy
Function of: layer 1 of uterus
perimetrium
outer layer
incomplete serosa continuous with peritoneal linin
Function of: layer 2 of uterus
myometrium
middle layer
Smooth muscle layer providing force for childbirt
Function of: layer 3 of uterus
endometrium
innermost layer
This layer will thicken each month in anticipation of implantation of an embryo
If no pregnancy—sheds and rebuilds each mont
Describe the 3 phases of the uterine cycle—including the differences if fertilization occurs vs. no fertilization. Include hormones involved in each part of the cycle
1-menses phase
shed a portion of endometrium layer
Sharp decline in progesterone causes the shedding
2-proliferative phase
rebuilding phase
slowly replacing progesterone
3-secratory phase
both estrogen and progesterone are available
thickening endometrium layer
ready for implantation
if no fertilization- shed again
What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
GnRH
stimulates release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Estrogen (in addition to role in uterine cycle)
painting line of uterus
main female hormone
maintain reproductive organs
helps keeps cholesterol low
What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Oxytocin
contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation
What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Prolactin
responsible for lactation, certain breast tissue development and milk production
What are the functions of the following hormones in a female:
Relaxin
loosens and relaxes your muscles, joints and ligaments during pregnancy to help your body stretch
