Week 3- Nervous System pt1 Flashcards by Logan Kaiser

neuron and neuroglia

neuron- functional unit of ns- communicates via electrical signals and neurotransmitters
neuroglia-protect and support neuron

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nervous system

employs electrical and chemical (neurotransmitters) signals to send messages from cell to cell via neurons

Communicate info between body parts

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Describe the sensory functions of nervous system

The nervous system can detect changes in the body
(sensory)
* It sends signals to the CNS via sensory neurons
-Send info from external environment to cns(brain)
-sensory receptors take in info-neurons take it to cns

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Describe the integrative functions of nervous system

The brain processes the information and can simply
store the information or it can decide how to respond
(integration)

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Describe the motor functions of nervous system

It can then send signals via motor neurons from the CNS to the body (motor) to carry out the decisions
-physically carries out the response

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role/function of sensory neuron/receptors

receptors are specialized to detect stimuli (changes in external or internal body environment)
– then transmit information (from sensory receptors) about body’s internal and external environment to the CNS via sensory neurons

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role/function of interneuron

receive signals from many sensory neurons and carry out the integrative function
* process, store, and retrieve information and ‘make decisions’ that determine how the body will respond to stimuli

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role/function of motor nueron

-send information from the CNS to the body
-motor receptor receives information, sends information to body cells via motor neurons

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How does the cellular structure of a neuron help it communicate with other cells and perform its functions?

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, bring to cell body

axons which are specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals then bring signal away from the cell body down axon to terminal

axon terminal-receives signal from axon, releases neurotransmitters into next dendrite (synapse)

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Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all the nervous system except the brain and spinal
cord
– composed of sensory receptors, nerves and
ganglia

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Sensory Division

sensory receptors found in the tissues detect information about changes in the body (internal
environment) and the external environment, and transmits information to the spinal cord and the brain (CNS)

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Motor Division

based on an integrative decision made by the brain and spinal cord–send signals to issue commands to muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) and gland cells to carry out such a response

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Somatic division

Sensory portion: info sent FROM sensory receptors
in Skeletal muscle, skin and joints to CNS

– Motor portion: info sent from CNS TO skeletal
muscle (for voluntary movement)

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somatic sensory

carries signals from Skeletal muscle, skin and joints to CNS
travels through somatic sensory neuron

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somatic motor

carries signals to skeletal muscles
* Response is to produce contraction

-Upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron to skeletal muscle

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Autonomic motor

carries signals to some glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Preganglionic neuron travels to postganglionic nueron to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands

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autonomic division

Sensory portion: info sent FROM organs in head and body cavities to cns

– Motor portion: info sent from CNS TO smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland located in head
and body cavities —controls “involuntary” movement and gland secretions

Divided into
* Sympathetic Division
* Parasympathetic Division

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autonomic sensory

carries signals from the (organs) of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, diaphragm, pharynx

travels to cns-via autonomic sensory nuerons

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autonomic-parasympathetic

rest and digest
–slows heart rate and breathing
–stimulates digestive and urinary systems
sludd

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autonomic-sympathetic

“fight or flight” response

accelerating heart beat and respiration, while
inhibiting digestive and urinary systems

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Universal Properties of Neurons

excitability-responds to stimuli

conductivity-produces electrical singals

-secretion-secretes nuerotrasmitter and causes a synapse

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Soma(cell body)

control center of neuron
-single, centrally located nucleus

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cytoplasm

Contains mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi complex, numerous inclusions, and extensive
rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton
(membrane bound organelles)

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What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)

substances have to go through astrocytes to get to neuron -protect neuron from substances trying to enter neuron

which neuroglial cells form the BBB?

astrocyte

What is the function of microglial cells?

act as phagocytes

Cns neuroglia

oligodentricytes microglia ependymal astrocyte

pls neuroglia

satelite Schwann

satellite cells function

prevent substances from entering in pns

What is myelin and what is its function?

an insulating layer around an axon that increases signal speed

Which two neuroglial cells help form myelin?

oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann in pns

ependymal function

produces cerebral spinal fluid

What is a synapse?

When a neuron sends information to another neuron or another cell this is called a SYNAPSE

Differentiate between a chemical synapse and an electrical synapse

C-triggers release of neurotransmitter (most likely) e-electrical signal is transmitted to next cell- no need for neurotransmitter

What is the role of a neurotransmitter? Where is it released from a neuron?

they are released in response to stimulation they then tell next cell what to do released from axon terminal/synapse

What does neurotransmitter need to bind to in order to affect a cell?

* they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell

What determines how a neurotransmitter affects the cell

receptor governs the effect the neurotransmitter has on the target cell

After an electrical signal stops in a neuron how will the chemical synapse stop (what are the three ways to get rid of the neurotransmitter)?

1-Reuptake 2-diffusion 3-breakdown

Describe the somatic motor pathway (neurons and cells/tissues involved in pathway)

Starts with upper motor neuron(brain)-synapses with the LMN and releases neurotransmitter Lower motor neuron-takes information from UMN, synapses with skeletal muscle skeletal muscle-synapses with LMN, will do actions

Describe the autonomic motor pathway (neurons and cells/tissues involved in pathway)

Starts in Pregnaglionic nueron-exits out of brain and synapses with post Postganglionic nueron-takes info from pre, takes info to synapse to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland cardiac/smooth muscle or gland will do reaction

What structures would be included in a sensory pathway?

Spinothalamic Posterior Column Spinocerebellar

What is unique about a special sense pathway?

All begin at a sensory receptor in a Special Sense organ, travel through specialized nerves and terminate in the brain to be perceived

General function of Frontal lobe

contains motor cortex for voluntary motor function (movement of skeletal muscles); higher level thinking (cognition), foresight, motivation, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement, aggression/impulse control

General function of cerebellum

coordinating skeletal muscle movements (smooths out voluntary movement), maintaining posture and balance, and processing proprioceptive impulses

General function of medulla oblongata

contains respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers (VITAL centers) also--swallowing and vomiting centers, relays sensory info to thalamus/other areas of brain

General function of occipital lobe

primarily visual interpretation/visual center

General function of temporal lobe

hearing interpretation, smell, learning, speech, memory and some aspects of vision and emotion

General function of thalamus

relay for sensory information to cerebrum—like a gateway (such as pain and temperature), sleep/wakefulness, regulates arousal and awareness

General function of hypothalamus

controls autonomic nervous system; controls pituitary gland (by secreting hormones) maintains body temperature, has thirst and hunger centers, memory, emotions

General function of corpus collosum

relays information between right and left hemispheres of brain

General function of parietal lobe

receives information for general senses (sensory cortex), taste and some visual processing, cognition (math and reading), spatial orientation

General function of pons

has a respiratory centers to assist in regulation of breathing—associated with many cranial nerves; helps relay information between cerebellum and cerebrum

General function of pituitary gland

anterior and posterior portions secrete many hormones that control release of other hormones

General function of olfactory nerve (1)

Sensory: Smell

General function of optic nerve (ll)

Sensory: Vision

General function of oculomotor nerve (lll)

motor for most of eye movements pupil constriction

General function of trochlear (IV)

Motor for superior oblique muscle

General function of trigeminal (V)

sensory for face and motor to muscles of mastication

General function of abducens (VI)

motor to lateral rectus muscle of eyeball

General function of facial (VII)

sensory for anterior 2/3 of tongue (taste); motor to muscles of facial expression—secretion of tears and saliva (lacrimal gland and salivary glands)

General function of vestibulocochlear (VIII)

hearing and balance/equilibrium

General function of glossopharyngeal (IX)

sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue (taste), pharynx and part of palate; motor for swallowing (pharyngeal muscles), salivation (parotid gland), gagging

General function of vagus (X)

receives sensory information about pharynx, ear and diaphragm as well as from organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities; motor for speech, swallowing (palate and pharynx) and organs (smooth muscle tissue) in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

General function of accessory (XI)

motor to muscle that moves head (scm and Trapezius)

General function of hypoglossal (XII)

motor to tongue muscles

Anterior root of spine

motor nuerons

posterior root of spine

sensory nuerons

Schwann and oligodnetricyte function