Week 3- Nervous System pt1 Flashcards
neuron and neuroglia
neuron- functional unit of ns- communicates via electrical signals and neurotransmitters
neuroglia-protect and support neuron
nervous system
employs electrical and chemical (neurotransmitters) signals to send messages from cell to cell via neurons
Communicate info between body parts
Describe the sensory functions of nervous system
The nervous system can detect changes in the body
(sensory)
* It sends signals to the CNS via sensory neurons
-Send info from external environment to cns(brain)
-sensory receptors take in info-neurons take it to cns
Describe the integrative functions of nervous system
The brain processes the information and can simply
store the information or it can decide how to respond
(integration)
Describe the motor functions of nervous system
It can then send signals via motor neurons from the CNS to the body (motor) to carry out the decisions
-physically carries out the response
role/function of sensory neuron/receptors
receptors are specialized to detect stimuli (changes in external or internal body environment)
– then transmit information (from sensory receptors) about body’s internal and external environment to the CNS via sensory neurons
role/function of interneuron
receive signals from many sensory neurons and carry out the integrative function
* process, store, and retrieve information and ‘make decisions’ that determine how the body will respond to stimuli
role/function of motor nueron
-send information from the CNS to the body
-motor receptor receives information, sends information to body cells via motor neurons
How does the cellular structure of a neuron help it communicate with other cells and perform its functions?
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, bring to cell body
axons which are specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals then bring signal away from the cell body down axon to terminal
axon terminal-receives signal from axon, releases neurotransmitters into next dendrite (synapse)
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all the nervous system except the brain and spinal
cord
– composed of sensory receptors, nerves and
ganglia
Sensory Division
sensory receptors found in the tissues detect information about changes in the body (internal
environment) and the external environment, and transmits information to the spinal cord and the brain (CNS)
Motor Division
based on an integrative decision made by the brain and spinal cord–send signals to issue commands to muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) and gland cells to carry out such a response
Somatic division
Sensory portion: info sent FROM sensory receptors
in Skeletal muscle, skin and joints to CNS
– Motor portion: info sent from CNS TO skeletal
muscle (for voluntary movement)
somatic sensory
carries signals from Skeletal muscle, skin and joints to CNS
travels through somatic sensory neuron
somatic motor
carries signals to skeletal muscles
* Response is to produce contraction
-Upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron to skeletal muscle
Autonomic motor
carries signals to some glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
Preganglionic neuron travels to postganglionic nueron to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands
autonomic division
Sensory portion: info sent FROM organs in head and body cavities to cns
– Motor portion: info sent from CNS TO smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland located in head
and body cavities —controls “involuntary” movement and gland secretions
Divided into
* Sympathetic Division
* Parasympathetic Division
autonomic sensory
carries signals from the (organs) of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, diaphragm, pharynx
travels to cns-via autonomic sensory nuerons
autonomic-parasympathetic
rest and digest
–slows heart rate and breathing
–stimulates digestive and urinary systems
sludd
autonomic-sympathetic
“fight or flight” response
accelerating heart beat and respiration, while
inhibiting digestive and urinary systems
Universal Properties of Neurons
excitability-responds to stimuli
conductivity-produces electrical singals
-secretion-secretes nuerotrasmitter and causes a synapse
Soma(cell body)
control center of neuron
-single, centrally located nucleus
cytoplasm
Contains mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi complex, numerous inclusions, and extensive
rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton
(membrane bound organelles)
What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)
substances have to go through astrocytes to get to neuron
-protect neuron from substances trying to enter neuron
which neuroglial cells form the BBB?
astrocyte
What is the function of microglial cells?
act as phagocytes
Cns neuroglia
oligodentricytes
microglia
ependymal
astrocyte
pls neuroglia
satelite
Schwann
satellite cells function
prevent substances from entering in pns
What is myelin and what is its function?
an insulating layer around an axon that increases signal speed
Which two neuroglial cells help form myelin?
oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann in pns
ependymal function
produces cerebral spinal fluid
What is a synapse?
When a neuron sends information to another neuron or another cell
this is called a SYNAPSE
Differentiate between a chemical synapse and an electrical synapse
C-triggers release of neurotransmitter (most likely)
e-electrical signal is transmitted to next cell- no need for neurotransmitter
What is the role of a neurotransmitter? Where is it released from a neuron?
they are released in response to stimulation they then tell next cell what to do
released from axon terminal/synapse
What does neurotransmitter need to bind to in order to affect a cell?
- they bind to specific receptors on the
postsynaptic cell
What determines how a neurotransmitter affects the cell
receptor governs the effect the
neurotransmitter has on the target cell
After an electrical signal stops in a neuron how will the chemical synapse stop (what are the three ways to get rid of the
neurotransmitter)?
1-Reuptake
2-diffusion
3-breakdown
Describe the somatic motor pathway (neurons and cells/tissues involved in pathway)
Starts with upper motor neuron(brain)-synapses with the LMN and releases neurotransmitter
Lower motor neuron-takes information from UMN, synapses with skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle-synapses with LMN, will do actions
Describe the autonomic motor pathway (neurons and cells/tissues involved in pathway)
Starts in Pregnaglionic nueron-exits out of brain and synapses with post
Postganglionic nueron-takes info from pre, takes info to synapse to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland
cardiac/smooth muscle or gland will do reaction
What structures would be included in a sensory pathway?
Spinothalamic
Posterior Column
Spinocerebellar
What is unique about a special sense pathway?
All begin at a sensory receptor in a Special
Sense organ, travel through specialized nerves
and terminate in the brain to be perceived
General function of Frontal lobe
contains motor cortex for voluntary motor function (movement of skeletal muscles); higher level thinking
(cognition), foresight, motivation, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement, aggression/impulse control
General function of cerebellum
coordinating skeletal muscle movements (smooths out
voluntary movement), maintaining posture and balance, and processing proprioceptive impulses
General function of medulla oblongata
contains respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers (VITAL centers) also–swallowing and vomiting centers, relays sensory info to thalamus/other areas of brain
General function of occipital lobe
primarily visual interpretation/visual center
General function of temporal lobe
hearing interpretation, smell, learning, speech, memory and some aspects of vision and emotion
General function of thalamus
relay for sensory information to cerebrum—like a gateway (such as pain and temperature), sleep/wakefulness,
regulates arousal and awareness
General function of hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous system; controls pituitary gland (by secreting hormones) maintains body temperature,
has thirst and hunger centers, memory, emotions
General function of corpus collosum
relays information between right and left hemispheres of brain
General function of parietal lobe
receives information for general senses (sensory cortex), taste and some visual processing, cognition (math and reading), spatial orientation
General function of pons
has a respiratory centers to assist in regulation of breathing—associated with many cranial nerves; helps relay information between cerebellum and cerebrum
General function of pituitary gland
anterior and posterior portions secrete many hormones that control release of other hormones
General function of olfactory nerve (1)
Sensory: Smell
General function of optic nerve (ll)
Sensory: Vision
General function of oculomotor nerve (lll)
motor for most of eye movements
pupil constriction
General function of trochlear (IV)
Motor for superior oblique muscle
General function of trigeminal (V)
sensory for face and motor to muscles of mastication
General function of abducens (VI)
motor to lateral rectus muscle of eyeball
General function of facial (VII)
sensory for anterior 2/3 of tongue (taste); motor to muscles of facial expression—secretion of tears and saliva
(lacrimal gland and salivary glands)
General function of vestibulocochlear (VIII)
hearing and balance/equilibrium
General function of glossopharyngeal (IX)
sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue (taste), pharynx and part of palate; motor for swallowing (pharyngeal muscles),
salivation (parotid gland), gagging
General function of vagus (X)
receives sensory information about pharynx, ear and diaphragm as well as from organs in abdominal and thoracic
cavities; motor for speech, swallowing (palate and pharynx) and organs (smooth muscle tissue) in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities
General function of accessory (XI)
motor to muscle that moves head (scm and Trapezius)
General function of hypoglossal (XII)
motor to tongue muscles
Anterior root of spine
motor nuerons
posterior root of spine
sensory nuerons
Schwann and oligodnetricyte function
