Week 8- Lymphatic/immunity

Question 1

Describe the functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

Remove excess fluid from tissues

Return it to CV system

absorption of fats

Protects against foreign invaders

Question 2

where does lymph come from

Answer 2

excess plasma that does not make it through exchange at capillaries

gets picked up by lymph nodes and turned into lymph

Question 3

How does lymph travel and
where will the lymph be returned?

Answer 3

lymphatic capillaries will pick up excess fluid-turn it into lymph

lymph vessels will pick up lymph and bring back to heart

Right upper extremity-brings lymph through to the right subclavian vein

right lower, all left sided-goes through the thoracic duct, into left subclavian vein

Question 4

What are the secondary organs of the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

lymph nodes

spleen

Question 5

What is the general function secondary organs/lymph tissue

Answer 5

sites where immune responses occur
(killing/destruction of antigens) 2

Question 6

What are the primary organs of the lymphatic system?

Answer 6

bone marrow

thymus

Question 7

What is the general function primary organs

Answer 7

bone marrow-produces lymphovctes

thymus-t cells mature here

Question 8

Name the 3 main types of white blood cells found in secondary lymphatic organs and lymphatic tissue

Answer 8

T cells

B cells

Natural killer cells

Question 9

What is a pathogen

Answer 9

disease causing microorganism

Question 10

non specific resistance

Answer 10

Innate-non specific-
The first line and second line of defense-
Born with this-
General defense against disease
-no memory cells
groups of cells and structures

Question 11

specific resistance

Answer 11

Adaptive-specific-3rd line of defense- acquired-
B cells and T cells
Requires exposure to specific invader to activate cells
-Memory cells are produced to defend against next exposure

the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct/specific invaders and their products

Question 12

Be able to recognize “first line” of defense non-specific resistance mechanisms

Answer 12

Skin-sebum

mucous membrane-mucus

hairs/cilia

lacrimal apparatus

saliva

urine

defication/vomiting

gastric juice

vaginal secretions

Question 13

Why is skin the best first line of defense?

Answer 13

Skin is packed very tightly-hardly allows anything in

Skin has chemicals that defend against pathogens

Sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
* Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear- Helps prevent against MO from growing on skin

Question 14

Describe functions of interferons

Answer 14

inhibit the spread of viral infections

They prevent the virus in neighboring cells from replicating

Question 15

neutrophils

Answer 15

a main phagocyte- make up around 60% of WBC’s

first WBC to go to site of infection;

can kill by secreting toxins

Question 16

macrophages

Answer 16

can either wander to cell tissues or they are fixed in cell tissues (alveoli and brain)

macrophages can phagocytize damaged tissue

Question 17

how is fever beneficial

Answer 17

increase the body’s core temperature

Inhibits growth of some microorganisms, increases metabolism for tissue repair

Question 18

purpose of inflammation + 3 steps

Answer 18

Prevent spread of pathogen by containing it in specific area and then destroying it

1. Vasodilation+ increased permeability of bv—bringing more blood and its healing components to area (redness, painful,edema part)
2. phagocytes come to the area to kill pathogen
   -Neutrophils come first and macrophages come later
3. Tissue repair (anabolism to repair)—macrophages can phagocytize damaged tissue

Question 19

Function/ action of natural killer cells

Answer 19

Secrete toxins (perforins and granzymes) onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors

(can differentiate between “self” and “non-self”-between normal cells and pathogens or abnormal cells)

Question 20

antigen

Answer 20

Molecules (usually proteins) the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack—

they will stimulate an immune response-What T and B cells respond to

Question 21

examples of antigens

Answer 21

usually proteins

Pathogens
* Parts or products of pathogens
* Other foreign compounds
* They will provoke an immune response

Question 22

cell mediated immunity

Answer 22

Works best against intracellular virus

Cytotoxic T cells start inactive-recognize the bad guy(antigen)- now are activated

Helper T cells- Tell Cytotoxic T cells to clone/expand-Makes memory cells for later

Now an army go cytotoxic T cells to go kill antigen throughout body-release performs and granzymes

Question 23

antibody mediated immunity

Answer 23

Works best against extracellular bacteria

B cells start inactive-recognizes antigen-now becomes active

Helper T cells-Tell B cells to clone into plasma cells-also makes memory cells

plasma cells produce proteins called antibodies to kill antigen

antibodies seek out antigen, bind to it and kill it

Question 24

IgM

Answer 24

first antibody produced (circulates in plasma)

Question 25

IgG

Answer 25

produced second-most common and longest-lasting antibody (circulates in plasma); can cross the placenta

Question 26

IgA

Answer 26

associated with body secretions such as
breast milk, sweat and saliva

Question 27

IgE

Answer 27

involved in response to parasitic infections
and allergies

Question 28

Describe the role of memory in specific immunity

Answer 28

Memory cells are produced while fighting the infection so you remember how to fight specific infection

Immediately functional upon subsequent contacts with the antigen that activated it

Question 29

natural active

Answer 29

exposed to foreign invader(antigen or pathogen)
-stimulates b and T cells to kick in

Question 30

natural passive

Answer 30

mothers antibodies are given to baby trough fetus

mother gives antibodies to baby via placenta/breastmilk

Question 31

artificial active

Answer 31

-inject antigens(vaccine) B and C cells kick in to kill whatever vaccine given

Question 32

artificial passive

Answer 32

give person antibodies from a donor through IV-monthly

Question 33

hypersensitivity

Answer 33

exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen

Question 34

anaphylactic reaction

Answer 34

circulating allergen causing widespread
vasodilation through mast cell activation

Question 35

autoimmune disease

Answer 35

Excessive or misdirected immune responses