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D-advanced anat > Week 6-Endocrine / blood > Flashcards

Week 6-Endocrine / blood Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hormones released

A

Endocrine glands-(pituitary, hypothalamus adrenal, pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid pancreas)

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2
Q

how will hormones know which cells they can affect?

A

Hormones will “target” specific cells to direct the cell to have a very specific response- travels through blood

-target cells

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3
Q

What are the three main factors that can regulate/influence the release of hormones?

A

Signals from the nervous system

Chemical/nutrient changes in the blood

Other hormones

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

Hormone levels in blood have a “set point” that is considered the “normal” level

If there is deviation away from the “set point”
(normal level) then the hormone should start
being produced

Once the “set point” or normal level is reached there is a signal to STOP(negative feedback part) producing/secreting the hormone

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5
Q

What is the significance of the hypothalamus in the Endocrine System?

A

all of the hormones it produces stimulate anterior pituitary gland

Called releasing/ inhibiting hormones

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6
Q

Describe how T3 and T4 are released to demonstrate significance of hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH-goes to ant pit

Ant pit releases TSH-goes to thyroid gland

Thyroid gland releases t3 and t4

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7
Q

Differentiate between hyposecretion and hypersecretion of a hormone and how that
relates to endocrine disorders

A

hyposecretion- too low of a hormone is being secreted

hypersecretion- too high of levels of hormone is being released

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8
Q

Briefly differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

1-insulin dependent-body does not make insulin-have to inject insulin

2 -insulin resistant-body doesn’t make enough- needs diet and exercise

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9
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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10
Q

T3 and T4

A

Increases basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heat production, increases heart rate and respiratory rate, increases alertness, increases release of GH

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11
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood Calcium—promotes bone resorption (release of calcium from
bones) and affects kidneys and small intestine

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12
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates bones, muscles and other tissues to increase protein anabolism for
growth

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13
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose by allowing glucose (and amino acids) into the cells

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14
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose by releasing glycogen (converted to glucose) from liver

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15
Q

Epinepherine and Norepinepherine

A

Produce effects that enhance the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR, release
of glucose)

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16
Q

Cortisol

A

influences metabolism (fat and protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis)–release of fatty acids and glucose into blood, anti-inflammatory, stress resistance ,decreases
immune response (long term)

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17
Q

. Aldosterone

A

Promotes sodium and water retention by kidneys—can increase blood volume and
blood pressure

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18
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

kidneys conserve/retain body water by decreasing urine output (increases blood
volume and blood pressure)

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19
Q

Melatonin

A

may affect mood, sleep and wake/sleep rhythms and sexual maturation (reproduction)

20
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium by promoting calcium deposition in bones (and affects
kidneys and small intestines)

21
Q

Functions of WBC RBC and Platelets

A

WBC-Body defense
RBC-Carry o2 to tissues
platelets- help form clots

22
Q

What is a normal blood volume?

A

adults have 4-6 L of blood

5.5 -6 million blood cells per millimeter

23
Q

Why do RBC’s contribute the most to the viscosity of blood?

A

Because there is about 5.5-6 million RBC per millimeter cubed

most prevalent

24
Q

What are the primary components of plasma (and what substances are dissolved in the plasma)—these are substances normally found in plasma

A

Help blood clot

water-92%
dissolved solutes
proteins

(electrolytes,nutrients and wastes)

25
Q

What types of substances can you check for in a diagnostic blood draw?

A

-chceck for normal levels
-check cancer
-virus/bacteria
-cardiac enzymes(heart attack)
-troponin levels
-liver enzymes
-amylase,lipase

26
Q

If you got the results back on a CBC (Complete Blood Count) –What does it mean if RBC’s, WBC’s or platelets are HIGH or LOW??

A

Rbc high-blood too thick- high blood pressure/strokes
Rbc low-blood too thin-low ability to carry 02 to tissues

Wbc high- can be a normal response b/c infections
wbc low-abnormal, cannot protect against invaders

Platelets high- clot blood too much
platelets low- cant clot, could bleed out

27
Q

Describe the red blood cells. Why is their shape important? Why don’t they have
mitochondria?

A

help carry o2 to and from tissues

Shape is of a disk because they need to be able tp bend and shape in between capillaries so exchange of gases can occur

hemoglobin combine to 4 02

28
Q

What is RBC lifespan and how do we get more?

A
29
Q

What is the importance of Hemoglobin (Hb) and iron in RBC’s?

A

Hb-each hb can bind to 4 oxygen-allows the cell to carry oxygen

iron-hemoglobin uses iron to help bind 02 to cell

30
Q

Define hemostasis and briefly describe each of the 3 steps involved

A

Stop bleeding by forming blood clots

1-Vascular Spasm-smooth muscle will contract and squeeze blood vessel to attempt to stop from bleeding out

2- Platelet plug formation- Platelets will come in and stick together to plug up blood vessel

3-Coagulation Phase-Fibrin will from threads of a clot to trap abc, platelets, forming a clot

31
Q

neutrophils

A

engulf pathogens and debris

32
Q

eosinophils

A

defense against parasitic infections

33
Q

basophils

A

promoting inflammation

34
Q

Lymphocytes

A

specific immunity

35
Q

monocytes

A

enter tissues and ingest microbes

36
Q

What are clotting factors? Which electrolyte/mineral is necessary for clotting?

A

help to promote clotting

Fibrinogen becomes fibrin, then helps to form the clot

needs Calcium to help clot

37
Q

What types of blood can specific blood types ACCEPT (i.e. what types of blood can
someone with AB+ accept)—this is based on antibodies in plasma of person receiving
blood.

A

A. A,O

B. B, O

AB- A,B, AB, O

O- O

Positives- can receive positive and negative
Negatives- only receive negative blood

38
Q

ABO group

A

composed of antigen A and antigen B

A- antigen A /// & anti-B antibody

B-antigen B //// & anti- A antibody

AB- Both antigens A and B // & no antibodies

O- neither A or B antigens /// & both anti a and anti B antibodies

39
Q

RH group

A

composed of antigen RH

has Rh- +

no rh- negative

40
Q

What does ANT PIT release

A

TSH
ACTH
Growth
FSH/LH

41
Q

What does Post PIT release

A

Oxytocin
ADH

42
Q

What does Thyroid gland release

A

T3 and T4
Calcitonin

43
Q

What does Pancreas release

A

Insulin
Glucagon

44
Q

What does Parathyroid gland release

A

PTH

45
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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