Week 6-Endocrine / blood Flashcards
Where are hormones released
Endocrine glands-(pituitary, hypothalamus adrenal, pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid pancreas)
how will hormones know which cells they can affect?
Hormones will “target” specific cells to direct the cell to have a very specific response- travels through blood
-target cells
What are the three main factors that can regulate/influence the release of hormones?
Signals from the nervous system
Chemical/nutrient changes in the blood
Other hormones
What is a negative feedback system?
Hormone levels in blood have a “set point” that is considered the “normal” level
If there is deviation away from the “set point”
(normal level) then the hormone should start
being produced
Once the “set point” or normal level is reached there is a signal to STOP(negative feedback part) producing/secreting the hormone
What is the significance of the hypothalamus in the Endocrine System?
all of the hormones it produces stimulate anterior pituitary gland
Called releasing/ inhibiting hormones
Describe how T3 and T4 are released to demonstrate significance of hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releases TRH-goes to ant pit
Ant pit releases TSH-goes to thyroid gland
Thyroid gland releases t3 and t4
Differentiate between hyposecretion and hypersecretion of a hormone and how that
relates to endocrine disorders
hyposecretion- too low of a hormone is being secreted
hypersecretion- too high of levels of hormone is being released
Briefly differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
1-insulin dependent-body does not make insulin-have to inject insulin
2 -insulin resistant-body doesn’t make enough- needs diet and exercise
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
T3 and T4
Increases basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heat production, increases heart rate and respiratory rate, increases alertness, increases release of GH
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Calcium—promotes bone resorption (release of calcium from
bones) and affects kidneys and small intestine
Growth hormone
Stimulates bones, muscles and other tissues to increase protein anabolism for
growth
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose by allowing glucose (and amino acids) into the cells
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose by releasing glycogen (converted to glucose) from liver
Epinepherine and Norepinepherine
Produce effects that enhance the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR, release
of glucose)
Cortisol
influences metabolism (fat and protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis)–release of fatty acids and glucose into blood, anti-inflammatory, stress resistance ,decreases
immune response (long term)
. Aldosterone
Promotes sodium and water retention by kidneys—can increase blood volume and
blood pressure
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
kidneys conserve/retain body water by decreasing urine output (increases blood
volume and blood pressure)
Melatonin
may affect mood, sleep and wake/sleep rhythms and sexual maturation (reproduction)
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium by promoting calcium deposition in bones (and affects
kidneys and small intestines)
Functions of WBC RBC and Platelets
WBC-Body defense
RBC-Carry o2 to tissues
platelets- help form clots
What is a normal blood volume?
adults have 4-6 L of blood
5.5 -6 million blood cells per millimeter
Why do RBC’s contribute the most to the viscosity of blood?
Because there is about 5.5-6 million RBC per millimeter cubed
most prevalent
What are the primary components of plasma (and what substances are dissolved in the plasma)—these are substances normally found in plasma
Help blood clot
water-92%
dissolved solutes
proteins
(electrolytes,nutrients and wastes)
What types of substances can you check for in a diagnostic blood draw?
-chceck for normal levels
-check cancer
-virus/bacteria
-cardiac enzymes(heart attack)
-troponin levels
-liver enzymes
-amylase,lipase
If you got the results back on a CBC (Complete Blood Count) –What does it mean if RBC’s, WBC’s or platelets are HIGH or LOW??
Rbc high-blood too thick- high blood pressure/strokes
Rbc low-blood too thin-low ability to carry 02 to tissues
Wbc high- can be a normal response b/c infections
wbc low-abnormal, cannot protect against invaders
Platelets high- clot blood too much
platelets low- cant clot, could bleed out
Describe the red blood cells. Why is their shape important? Why don’t they have
mitochondria?
help carry o2 to and from tissues
Shape is of a disk because they need to be able tp bend and shape in between capillaries so exchange of gases can occur
hemoglobin combine to 4 02
What is RBC lifespan and how do we get more?
What is the importance of Hemoglobin (Hb) and iron in RBC’s?
Hb-each hb can bind to 4 oxygen-allows the cell to carry oxygen
iron-hemoglobin uses iron to help bind 02 to cell
Define hemostasis and briefly describe each of the 3 steps involved
Stop bleeding by forming blood clots
1-Vascular Spasm-smooth muscle will contract and squeeze blood vessel to attempt to stop from bleeding out
2- Platelet plug formation- Platelets will come in and stick together to plug up blood vessel
3-Coagulation Phase-Fibrin will from threads of a clot to trap abc, platelets, forming a clot
neutrophils
engulf pathogens and debris
eosinophils
defense against parasitic infections
basophils
promoting inflammation
Lymphocytes
specific immunity
monocytes
enter tissues and ingest microbes
What are clotting factors? Which electrolyte/mineral is necessary for clotting?
help to promote clotting
Fibrinogen becomes fibrin, then helps to form the clot
needs Calcium to help clot
What types of blood can specific blood types ACCEPT (i.e. what types of blood can
someone with AB+ accept)—this is based on antibodies in plasma of person receiving
blood.
A. A,O
B. B, O
AB- A,B, AB, O
O- O
Positives- can receive positive and negative
Negatives- only receive negative blood
ABO group
composed of antigen A and antigen B
A- antigen A /// & anti-B antibody
B-antigen B //// & anti- A antibody
AB- Both antigens A and B // & no antibodies
O- neither A or B antigens /// & both anti a and anti B antibodies
RH group
composed of antigen RH
has Rh- +
no rh- negative
What does ANT PIT release
TSH
ACTH
Growth
FSH/LH
What does Post PIT release
Oxytocin
ADH
What does Thyroid gland release
T3 and T4
Calcitonin
What does Pancreas release
Insulin
Glucagon
What does Parathyroid gland release
PTH
Adrenal Gland
Aldosterone
Cortisol
