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D-advanced anat > Week 2-Skeletal physiology > Flashcards

Week 2-Skeletal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of bone/skeletal system

A

-Support
-Storage of minerals
-Blood cell production
-Protection
-Leverage for movement

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2
Q

How the skeletal system interacts with other body systems

A

-Gives anchorage point for muscular system
-Cv-makes all roc,wbc and platelets
Endocrine-PTH and calcitonin- regulate blood levels of calcium

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3
Q

Describe bone tissue matrix organic

A

Collagen fibers (proteins) account for ~1/3 bone weight-flexibility and strength

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4
Q

Describe bone tissue matrix inorganic

A

Calcium phosphate accounts for ~2/3 bone weight-Provides rigidity and hardness which also
contributes to bone strength

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5
Q

What occurs overall in bone metabolism

A

-Responds to stress- remodel
-bone has to constantly rework itself after dealing with stressors

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6
Q

How do the bone cells assist in bone metabolism and maintaining bone structure?

A

osteoblasts-secrete matrix

osteocyte-(mature bone cell)
maintains bone

Osteocyte-breaks down bone to release calcium into blood

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7
Q

Describe the compact bone tissue –the specific arrangement

A

-organized in units calles osteons
Organized concentric lamellae(matrix) around a central canal-(contains small bv)
* Osteocytes (in lacunae) lie between
lamellae
circumferential lamellae surround all osteons ,bringing it together

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8
Q

Why does compact bone have this structure?

A

protective outer layer
takes on stresses

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9
Q

Describe the spongy bone structure—what makes it different from compact bone tissue

A

Lamellae form struts and plates (trabeculae) creating an open network to reduce weight
Has no BV

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10
Q

What tissue is found in the spaces in spongy bone?

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

Describe the importance/function of red bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow is hematopoietic (produces blood cells)

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12
Q

Describe the importance/function of yellow bone marrow

A

Yellow marrow consists of fat tissue

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13
Q

Briefly describe intramembranous ossification (bone formation)

A

-Fewer bones
1-template of fibrous connective tissue
2replaces tissue with bone-leaves room for growth(sutures) and (fontanelles-bump in baby head)

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14
Q

Briefly describe endochondrial ossification (bone formation)

A

-Most bones are formed this way
1-start with hyaline cartilage template/model
2-replace cartilage with bone through osteoblasts(secrete matrix and make osteocytes)
3-Replaces cartilage with bone in primary ossification center-diaphysis(shaft part)
4replaces at secondary ossification center-epiphysis(ends of bone)
5-not all cartilage is made into bone, leaves room for growth by epiphyseal plate(growth plates)
6-end of bone is articular cartlidge( made from hyaline) protective ends of bone

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15
Q

Describe process of bone growth in
width/appositional growth

A

-(Occurs all lifetime-Increases diameter of existing bone)
-occurs at periosteum(protective covers on bones)
-bone is laid down on inside of periosteum
-body will restore periosteum
-results in slighty thickened bone
* Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

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16
Q

Describe process of bone growth in length

A

Will eventually end
1-Growth of cartilage on epiphyseal plate
2-Replacment of cartridge with bone tissue in epiphyseal plate
3-grow more cartilage on top of existing cartilage, resulting in larger bone

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17
Q

mineral deposition (mineralization)

A

process by which the organic bone matrix becomes filled with calcium

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18
Q

mineral resorption (general processes).

A

pull calcium out of bone

19
Q

How are blood calcium levels controlled in systems of body?

A

intestines-absorb calcium
bones-use calcium to remodel
kidneys-lose calcium in urine

20
Q

Describe how calcitonin specifically affect blood calcium levels.

A

C- released fro, thryoid gland when blood calcium levels are too high
Bone-osteoblasts allow calcium to stay to bone
intestine-poop calcium out, won’t get reabsorbed
kidney-pee calcium out, won’t get reabsorbed

21
Q

Describe how parathyroid hormone specifically affect blood calcium levels.

A

PTH-Released from parathyroid gland when calcium is low-stimulates relase of calcium into blood

B-stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into blood
I-increases calcium absorption into blood
K- increase calcitorl- causes calcium reabsorption into blood

22
Q

What would cause each of calcitonin or parathyroid hormones to be released?

A

Low levels of calcium-PTH
Too High levels of calcium-C

23
Q

In addition to PTH and Calcitonin—what other hormones can influence bone health/homeostasis?

A

Calcitoral
growth hormone
t3 and t4
estrogen/testoterone

24
Q

Differentiate between a pathological fracture and traumatic fracture

A

T-Caused by traumatic stress
P-Caused by a disease that weakens bones

25
Q

List a few diseases that could lead to a pathological fracture

A

Osteoporosis
bone cancer
osteogenesis imperfecta

26
Q

Briefly describe the steps involved in fracture healing

A

1-Large blood clot develops
2-Bony Calluses form-osteoblasts secrete matrix
3. Remodeling of healed bone—osteoclasts try to make bone look like it did before the fracture

27
Q

Transverse traumatic fracture

A

Break shaft across long axis

28
Q

Spiral traumatic fracture

A

aused by twisting stresses that spread along length of bone

29
Q

Displaced traumatic fracture

A

Broken bones are not aligned

30
Q

Non displaced traumatic fracture

A

broken ends of bones are aligned

31
Q

Compression traumatic fracture

A

occurs in vertebral body due to extreme stresses

32
Q

Greenstick traumatic fracture

A

one side is broken, one is bent, occurs in children

33
Q

Communicated traumatic fracture

A

bone is shattered into many pieces

34
Q

Epiphyseal traumatic fracture

A

occurs at epiphyseal plate, could affect growth

35
Q

Open traumatic fracture

A

Bone protrudes outside of skin

36
Q

Closed traumatic fracture

A

Bone does not protrude outside of skin

37
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that cannot divide

38
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce new bony matrix

39
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
* Important in fracture repair

40
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remove and remodel bone matrix

41
Q

Long bone organization

A

Periosteum (outermost layer)
* Compact bone (outer bone tissue)
* Circumferential lamellae
* Interstitial lamellae
* Osteons
* Spongy bone (innermost bone tissue layer)

42
Q

Periosteum

A
  1. Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Route for blood and nervous supply
  3. Actively participate in bone growth and repair
43
Q

Perforating fibers

A

Strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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