Week 9 presentations

Question 1

What group says mental health is a human right?

Answer 1

WHO

Question 2

Out of 350 patients across 2 rural health-care clinics, what was found?

Answer 2

164 reported no significant effects of mental health in their day-to-day lives
186 were found to have a psychological disorder

Question 3

What are the three main obstacles of accessing mental health services for rural communities?

Answer 3

Availability, Accessibility, and Acceptability

Question 4

Explain availability, accessibility, and acceptability

Answer 4

1) Availability: Rural areas have a shortage of healthcare providers and have limited access to mental health specialists
~65% of nonmetropolitan areas do not have psychiatrists
2) Accessibility:Rural communities have higher poverty rates
-In 2021, the poverty rates in rural areas was 15.4%, compared to 12.8% nationwide
3) Acceptability: The fear of negative judgement from family and friends stops people living in rural communities from seeking help
-Seen as a personal flaw/weakness rather than a disease

Question 5

Shortages in mental health conditions lead to a domino effect of negative consequences; give 4 examples

Answer 5

1) Longer wait times: shortages lead to longer wait times for meeting with a provider and can potentially delay necessary interventions.
2) Worsening mental health conditions: due to the lack of care availability, mild mental health symptoms have the opportunity to escalate into more severe illnesses. This in turn, can lead to worsened patient prognosis.
3) Increased risk of substance abuse: with limited resources, the risk for suicide and substance abuse increases.
4) Strain on emergency services: if mental health needs are unmet and become severe, there can be an increased reliance on emergency services in cases where substance abuse or suicide pose a major threat.

Question 6

What are the pros of telemed?

Answer 6

Telemedicine has the potential to improve the lives of patients with depression, anxiety, substance abuse and other mental health issues
Makes mental health services more accessible
Phone calls, video calls, messaging, internet, etc.
Telehealth medicine skyrocketed in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic

Question 7

Explain what happened to telehealth after COVID started

Answer 7

1) Claims by mental health providers were significantly higher than general practitioners
1% in February 2020
53-59% in April 2020
Accounted for more than 51% of all mental health diagnosis claims
2) 40% by the end of 2021; accounted for roughly 30% of all mental health diagnosis claims

Question 8

List 3 types of Telehealth services offeredat mental health facilities

Answer 8

Counseling
Medication Management
Diagnostic Services

Question 9

1) What does telehealth allow for?
2) What can it support?

Answer 9

Feasible, acceptable, and effective and allows for significant improvements in health care outcomes
Can support long-distance clinical care, education, and health administration

Question 10

True or false: For patients living far away from treatment centers or patients who cannot leave home to attend in-person treatment—telehealth treatment is shown to be a viable alternative to in-person treatment

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Reducing the stigma of mental health begins with what?

Answer 11

Education, challenging stereotypes, and respect.

Question 12

What are some ways we can improve mental health education?

Answer 12

1) Learning about mental illness and substance use disorders at the healthcare level (AA meeting attendance)& in turn, taking our patients concerns seriously.
2) Integrating mental health education into school curriculums.
3) Train educators and staff with ongoing professional development on recognizing warning signs and responding appropriately to student’s mental health needs.
4) Combating the stereotypes that exist with mental health through open dialogue and communication within homes, schools, and workplaces.
5) Be respectful and understanding when others come forward about their mental health struggles!

Question 13

The most prevalent mental health challenges among adolescence are what?

Answer 13

Anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders.

Question 14

____________ is the most common disorder out of the teen mental health conditions listed and can manifest in different ways: excessive worrying, social anxiety, panic disorders (sudden episodes of intense fear), and specific phobias.

Answer 14

Anxiety

Question 15

Explain Social Media, Peer Pressure, and Academic Stress

Answer 15

1) Manypeople have probably listened totheir parents reflect on how they never had to navigate the pressures of social media at our age, acknowledging that it likely adds a new layer of complexity to this generation.
2) People can tend to feel pressure from social media, peers or grades and feel likethey don’t measure up or compare ourselves to others.
This has a huge impact on mental health.
3) We are more connected then ever however our rates of loneliness are higher than ever.

Question 16

Gen Z:
1) ___% says education is a source of stress

Answer 16

1) 87%

Question 17

Society can work to normalize mental health disorders and reduce stigmas by doing what?

Answer 17

Openly talking about mental health, being respectful, and improving education.

Question 18

Review:
1) What are the three main obstacles for rural communities access to mental health services?
2) What arethree of the most common types of services provided via telehealth at mental health facilities?
3) What are 3 ways we can improve education and overcome stigmas around mental health illnesses?

Answer 18

1) Availability, accessibility, acceptability
2) Counseling services
Medication management
Diagnostic services
3) Integrate education into school curriculums
Understanding warning signs
Normalize mental health treatment

Question 19

List considerations for each of the key topics
1) Identify Common Air Pollutants
2) Relationship Between Pollutants & COPD, Asthma, Lung Cancer
3) Vulnerable Populations
4) Global Impact
5) Advocacy for Change

Answer 19

1) What are PMs? Where do we see various air pollutants?
2) How and why are these “common” respiratory pathologies related to air pollutants?
3) What are the vulnerable populations affected by air pollutants? How are they related?
4) How do air pollutants impact our world?
5) How can we advocate for change?

Question 20

List some Common Air Pollutants

Answer 20

1) PM
2) Pb (lead)
3) O3 (ozone)
4) CO
5) SO2
6) NO2

Question 21

Describe PM

Answer 21

Mixture of solid particles & liquid droplets suspended in the air. Vary in size, shape, & composition. Examples include dust, soot, smoke.

• Outdoor sources: vehicles, wildfires, construction sites, power plants, mining, pollen.
• Indoor sources: tobacco smoke, frying food, burning candles.

Question 22

Describe lead

Answer 22

Toxic heavy metal that gets suspended into the air. Present in many soils. There is no safe level of lead exposure.

• Sources: lead smelters, utilities (lead pipes), waste incinerators, lead-acid battery manufacturers, leaded gasoline (years ago).

Question 23

Describe ozone

Answer 23

• Excessive levels of O3 in the lower atmosphere, or ground-level ozone. Chemical reaction b/w nitrogen oxides & volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight.
• Sources: vehicles, power plants, refineries, industrial boilers, fossil fuels, paints & solvents.

Question 24

Describe CO

Answer 24

• Colorless, odorless, toxic gas that results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels.
• Sources: vehicle exhaust, furnaces, gas fireplaces, gas stoves, generators, tobacco smoke.

Question 25

1) Describe SO2 2) Describe NO2

Answer 25

1) - Colorless, reactive, pungent smelling gas emitted by the burning of fossil fuel. Dissolves in water easily. - Sources: power plant burning coal, industrial factories, metal smelting, vehicles, volcanic eruptions. 2) - Pungent, highly reactive gas produced from combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil). Role in formation of ground-level ozone & contributes to smog. - Sources: vehicles, power plants, heavy machinery, industrial boilers.

Question 26

True or false: hypersensitivity is just the result of out of control normal responses

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Give 3 examples of groups with hypersensitivity who may be linked to atomspheric changes

Answer 27

1) COPD 2) Asthma 3) Lung cancer

Question 28

In 2019, nearly ___________ of global asthma cases were associated with PM2.5 exposure

Answer 28

one-third

Question 29

Describe the following 3 populations vulnerable to air pollution: 1) SES 2) Pre-existing conditions 3) Pregnancy

Answer 29

1) “Triple Jeopardy” High levels of air pollutants Susceptible to poorer baseline health Lack of access to resources 2) Asthma, COPD, Cystic Fibrosis 3) Fetal lung development begins at the end of 1st month of gestation -Critical effects on development if exposed to hazardous material

Question 30

Describe the following 3 populations vulnerable to air pollution: 1) Intrinsic factors 2) Children 3) Elderly

Answer 30

1) Age, ethnicity, race, genetic background, sex 2) Metabolic & breathing rate is higher -> enhanced O2 consumption per unit body mass 3) Exacerbations of existing health conditions such as respiratory & cardiovascular diseases

Question 31

"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution is estimated to have caused _______________ premature deaths worldwide in 2019.” - WHO

Answer 31

4.2 million

Question 32

Describe the burden of disease of air pollution

Answer 32

**Air pollution has strong links to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and an increase in hospitalizations and ER visits due to poor air quality.** 1) “48% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is attributable to air pollution.” -IHME 2) “8% of total disease burden in 2021 was caused by particulate matter air pollution (level 3), making it the leading contributor among risk factors.” - IHME

Question 33

Make the link b/t air pollution and infectious diseases

Answer 33

Weakened immune response makes populations more vulnerable to resp. infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. Pollutants can stimulate excessive inflammatory responses (Th2 and Th17), which are linked to conditions like asthma and autoimmune disorders, further straining the immune system. - Air pollution and its effects on the Immune System

Question 34

Economic Burden of Air Pollution can be measured in what ways?

Answer 34

1) Healthcare costs 2) Workforce and productivity loss 3) Impact on Agriculture & Food Security 4) Environmental Damage & Infrastructure Costs 5) National economy burden

Question 35

List 2 policies to Improve Air Quality

Answer 35

Clean Air Act (CAA)15 federal law regulating air pollutants by setting air quality standards Pollution Prevention Act16 focuses on reduction of government and public air pollution through cost-effective modifications in manufacturing and operational practices Substituting hazardous material Using less material .

Question 36

1) How can indiviidual help air quality? 2) What abt on an industrial level? 3) What abt on a collective level?

Answer 36

1) Electric vehicles and public transportation; reduced emissions 2) Renewable energy Solar and wind provide a cleaner option 3) Recycle and reduce waste Reduced energy required to manufacture and eliminate waste = less air pollution

Question 37

Give the conclusion abt air pollution

Answer 37

There are many different air pollutants in our everyday environment that affect our health. Hypersensitivity from air pollutants is a major contributor to respiratory disease worldwide. The most vulnerable populations include pregnant women, children, the elderly and those with a low socioeconomic status. As future healthcare providers, medical treatments, hospitalizations, and medications for pollution-related illnesses will significantly impact our practice. Government action and individual actions are both needed to reduce air pollution and improve population health.

Question 38

1) True or False: Air pollution has only short-term effects on human health, such as coughing and eye irritation, but does not contribute to long-term diseases. 2) How does air pollution contribute to the rising costs of healthcare, and what strategies could be implemented to reduce these expenses? 3) What is one common illness that can be worsened by air pollution? 4) Name one of the six most common air pollutants.

Answer 38

1) False – Long-term exposure to air pollution is linked to chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and even neurological disorders. 2) Increased hospital visits, medication costs, burden on healthcare systems, and potential solutions like preventive care, clean energy policies, 3) Possible Answers: Asthma, COPD, lung cancer, heart disease, bronchitis, etc.) 4) Possible Answers: particulate matter, lead, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide.