Week 9 presentations Flashcards
What group says mental health is a human right?
WHO
Out of 350 patients across 2 rural health-care clinics, what was found?
164 reported no significant effects of mental health in their day-to-day lives
186 were found to have a psychological disorder
What are the three main obstacles of accessing mental health services for rural communities?
Availability, Accessibility, and Acceptability
Explain availability, accessibility, and acceptability
1) Availability: Rural areas have a shortage of healthcare providers and have limited access to mental health specialists
~65% of nonmetropolitan areas do not have psychiatrists
2) Accessibility:Rural communities have higher poverty rates
-In 2021, the poverty rates in rural areas was 15.4%, compared to 12.8% nationwide
3) Acceptability: The fear of negative judgement from family and friends stops people living in rural communities from seeking help
-Seen as a personal flaw/weakness rather than a disease
Shortages in mental health conditions lead to a domino effect of negative consequences; give 4 examples
1) Longer wait times: shortages lead to longer wait times for meeting with a provider and can potentially delay necessary interventions.
2) Worsening mental health conditions: due to the lack of care availability, mild mental health symptoms have the opportunity to escalate into more severe illnesses. This in turn, can lead to worsened patient prognosis.
3) Increased risk of substance abuse: with limited resources, the risk for suicide and substance abuse increases.
4) Strain on emergency services: if mental health needs are unmet and become severe, there can be an increased reliance on emergency services in cases where substance abuse or suicide pose a major threat.
What are the pros of telemed?
Telemedicine has the potential to improve the lives of patients with depression, anxiety, substance abuse and other mental health issues
Makes mental health services more accessible
Phone calls, video calls, messaging, internet, etc.
Telehealth medicine skyrocketed in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic
Explain what happened to telehealth after COVID started
1) Claims by mental health providers were significantly higher than general practitioners
1% in February 2020
53-59% in April 2020
Accounted for more than 51% of all mental health diagnosis claims
2) 40% by the end of 2021; accounted for roughly 30% of all mental health diagnosis claims
List 3 types of Telehealth services offeredat mental health facilities
Counseling
Medication Management
Diagnostic Services
1) What does telehealth allow for?
2) What can it support?
Feasible, acceptable, and effective and allows for significant improvements in health care outcomes
Can support long-distance clinical care, education, and health administration
True or false: For patients living far away from treatment centers or patients who cannot leave home to attend in-person treatment—telehealth treatment is shown to be a viable alternative to in-person treatment
True
Reducing the stigma of mental health begins with what?
Education, challenging stereotypes, and respect.
What are some ways we can improve mental health education?
1) Learning about mental illness and substance use disorders at the healthcare level (AA meeting attendance)& in turn, taking our patients concerns seriously.
2) Integrating mental health education into school curriculums.
3) Train educators and staff with ongoing professional development on recognizing warning signs and responding appropriately to student’s mental health needs.
4) Combating the stereotypes that exist with mental health through open dialogue and communication within homes, schools, and workplaces.
5) Be respectful and understanding when others come forward about their mental health struggles!
The most prevalent mental health challenges among adolescence are what?
Anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders.
____________ is the most common disorder out of the teen mental health conditions listed and can manifest in different ways: excessive worrying, social anxiety, panic disorders (sudden episodes of intense fear), and specific phobias.
Anxiety
Explain Social Media, Peer Pressure, and Academic Stress
1) Manypeople have probably listened totheir parents reflect on how they never had to navigate the pressures of social media at our age, acknowledging that it likely adds a new layer of complexity to this generation.
2) People can tend to feel pressure from social media, peers or grades and feel likethey don’t measure up or compare ourselves to others.
This has a huge impact on mental health.
3) We are more connected then ever however our rates of loneliness are higher than ever.
Gen Z:
1) ___% says education is a source of stress
1) 87%
Society can work to normalize mental health disorders and reduce stigmas by doing what?
Openly talking about mental health, being respectful, and improving education.
Review:
1) What are the three main obstacles for rural communities access to mental health services?
2) What arethree of the most common types of services provided via telehealth at mental health facilities?
3) What are 3 ways we can improve education and overcome stigmas around mental health illnesses?
1) Availability, accessibility, acceptability
2) Counseling services
Medication management
Diagnostic services
3) Integrate education into school curriculums
Understanding warning signs
Normalize mental health treatment
List considerations for each of the key topics
1) Identify Common Air Pollutants
2) Relationship Between Pollutants & COPD, Asthma, Lung Cancer
3) Vulnerable Populations
4) Global Impact
5) Advocacy for Change
1) What are PMs? Where do we see various air pollutants?
2) How and why are these “common” respiratory pathologies related to air pollutants?
3) What are the vulnerable populations affected by air pollutants? How are they related?
4) How do air pollutants impact our world?
5) How can we advocate for change?
List some Common Air Pollutants
1) PM
2) Pb (lead)
3) O3 (ozone)
4) CO
5) SO2
6) NO2
Describe PM
Mixture of solid particles & liquid droplets suspended in the air. Vary in size, shape, & composition. Examples include dust, soot, smoke.
- Outdoor sources: vehicles, wildfires, construction sites, power plants, mining, pollen.
- Indoor sources: tobacco smoke, frying food, burning candles.
Describe lead
Toxic heavy metal that gets suspended into the air. Present in many soils. There is no safe level of lead exposure.
- Sources: lead smelters, utilities (lead pipes), waste incinerators, lead-acid battery manufacturers, leaded gasoline (years ago).
Describe ozone
- Excessive levels of O3 in the lower atmosphere, or ground-level ozone. Chemical reaction b/w nitrogen oxides & volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight.
- Sources: vehicles, power plants, refineries, industrial boilers, fossil fuels, paints & solvents.
Describe CO
- Colorless, odorless, toxic gas that results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels.
- Sources: vehicle exhaust, furnaces, gas fireplaces, gas stoves, generators, tobacco smoke.
1) Describe SO2
2) Describe NO2
1) - Colorless, reactive, pungent smelling gas emitted by the burning of fossil fuel. Dissolves in water easily.
- Sources: power plant burning coal, industrial factories, metal smelting, vehicles, volcanic eruptions.
2) - Pungent, highly reactive gas produced from combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil). Role in formation of ground-level ozone & contributes to smog.
- Sources: vehicles, power plants, heavy machinery, industrial boilers.
True or false: hypersensitivity is just the result of out of control normal responses
True
Give 3 examples of groups with hypersensitivity who may be linked to atomspheric changes
1) COPD
2) Asthma
3) Lung cancer
In 2019, nearly ___________ of global asthma cases were associated with PM2.5 exposure
one-third
Describe the following 3 populations vulnerable to air pollution:
1) SES
2) Pre-existing conditions
3) Pregnancy
1) “Triple Jeopardy”
High levels of air pollutants
Susceptible to poorer baseline health
Lack of access to resources
2) Asthma, COPD, Cystic Fibrosis
3) Fetal lung development begins at the end of 1st month of gestation
-Critical effects on development if exposed to hazardous material
Describe the following 3 populations vulnerable to air pollution:
1) Intrinsic factors
2) Children
3) Elderly
1) Age, ethnicity, race, genetic background, sex
2) Metabolic & breathing rate is higher -> enhanced O2 consumption per unit body mass
3) Exacerbations of existing health conditions such as respiratory & cardiovascular diseases
“Ambient (outdoor) air pollution is estimated to have caused _______________ premature deaths worldwide in 2019.” - WHO
4.2 million
Describe the burden of disease of air pollution
Air pollution has strong links to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and an increase in hospitalizations and ER visits due to poor air quality.
1) “48% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is attributable to air pollution.” -IHME
2) “8% of total disease burden in 2021 was caused by particulate matter air pollution (level 3), making it the leading contributor among risk factors.” - IHME
Make the link b/t air pollution and infectious diseases
Weakened immune response makes populations more vulnerable to resp. infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19.
Pollutants can stimulate excessive inflammatory responses (Th2 and Th17), which are linked to conditions like asthma and autoimmune disorders, further straining the immune system. - Air pollution and its effects on the Immune System
Economic Burden of Air Pollution can be measured in what ways?
1) Healthcare costs
2) Workforce and productivity loss
3) Impact on Agriculture & Food Security
4) Environmental Damage & Infrastructure Costs
5) National economy burden
List 2 policies to Improve Air Quality
Clean Air Act (CAA)15
federal law regulating air pollutants by setting air quality standards
Pollution Prevention Act16
focuses on reduction of government and public air pollution through cost-effective modifications in manufacturing and operational practices
Substituting hazardous material
Using less material .
1) How can indiviidual help air quality?
2) What abt on an industrial level?
3) What abt on a collective level?
1) Electric vehicles and public transportation; reduced emissions
2) Renewable energy
Solar and wind provide a cleaner option
3) Recycle and reduce waste
Reduced energy required to manufacture and eliminate waste = less air pollution
Give the conclusion abt air pollution
There are many different air pollutants in our everyday environment that affect our health.
Hypersensitivity from air pollutants is a major contributor to respiratory disease worldwide.
The most vulnerable populations include pregnant women, children, the elderly and those with a low socioeconomic status.
As future healthcare providers, medical treatments, hospitalizations, and medications for pollution-related illnesses will significantly impact our practice.
Government action and individual actions are both needed to reduce air pollution and improve population health.
1) True or False: Air pollution has only short-term effects on human health, such as coughing and eye irritation, but does not contribute to long-term diseases.
2) How does air pollution contribute to the rising costs of healthcare, and what strategies could be implemented to reduce these expenses?
3) What is one common illness that can be worsened by air pollution?
4) Name one of the six most common air pollutants.
1) False – Long-term exposure to air pollution is linked to chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and even neurological disorders.
2) Increased hospital visits, medication costs, burden on healthcare systems, and potential solutions like preventive care, clean energy policies,
3) Possible Answers: Asthma, COPD, lung cancer, heart disease, bronchitis, etc.)
4) Possible Answers: particulate matter, lead, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide.
