Health Professionals Highlights Flashcards
List 5 important criteria health professionals need to meet to attain their credentials
1) Meet admission criteria
2) Successful completion of coursework requirements
3) Demonstrate competency through examinations (PANCE/PANRE)
4) Official Recognition of Educational Program (ARC-PA)
5) Registry, certification, and/or licensure.
1) More recently, medical education and practice have _____________.
2) Where was the first PA program?
3) What year did the first PA class graduate?
1) formalized
2) Duke
3) 1967
Until the early 1900s, education and practice for medical professionals was through an _____________ system and _____________ training without standardized education and testing.
apprentice; informal
A health professional is someone who has successfully completed the _____________ to attain a recognized credential that qualifies that person to deliver _________________.
requirements; care to patients
PAs are examples of _______________ health professionals
clinical
What are the 2 kinds of allied health professionals?
1) Graduate-level trained
2) Associate’s degree trained
How is a profession created and maintained? (2 things)
Accreditation and credentialing
1) Accreditation is process that evaluates __________________ and sets standards for educational and training institutions.
2) This is done through a regularly scheduled ____________________ and an _________ review
1) institutions
2) institutional self-stud; outside
Give an example of accreditation
The accrediting body for PA education is the ARC-PA (Accreditation Review Commission for Education of the Physician Assistant)
The maximum length of time between comprehensive evaluations for:
1) established PA programs is ______ years.
2) established clinical postgraduate PA programs is ______ years.
3) a PA program completing a period of probation is 8 years.
1) 10
2) 10
3) 8
The ___________ process helps to:
1) continuously evaluate and improve their processes and outcomes
2) helps prospective students identify ideal programs
protects programs from internal and external pressures to make changes
3) involves faculty and staff in comprehensive program evaluation and planning
4) stimulates self-improvement by setting national standards
The Accreditation Process
1) What level of evaluation and qualifications is credentialing?
2) Credentialing often takes the form of a _________ such as through a formal exam.
1) Individual
2) certification
1) Certification often prerequisite for ___________ (a state governmental function)
2) Certification is required to ___________ as a specific healthcare provider
1) Licensure
2) practice
From the Welch-Rose Report (1915), what was established as first graduate school of public health (1916)?
(emphasized in class, def on the quiz)
Johns Hopkins University
Masters of Public Health (MPH) has a _________ core
generalist
PhD, DrPH are the 2 types of doctorate degrees available for what?
Public Health
Undergraduate public health programs
1) National Academy of Medicine (2003) recommended all ____________ have access to public health education
2) 100th anniversary of the Welch-Rose Report (2015) led to what?
3) What report did this produce?
1) undergrads
2) Framing the Future Task Force: Second Hundred Years of Education for Public Health
3) Community College and Public Health Report
Community College and Public Health Report (2014)
Health Navigation education
Today, _______ public health education includes:
Degree programs at community colleges and four-year colleges
Master’s and doctoral level degrees
formal
Formal Public Health accreditation of public health schools and programs by ________________
Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)
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National Board of Public Health Examiners:
True or false: Anyone who enrolled in or completed a Council on Education in Public Health accredited Master’s program OR completed an undergraduate degree and have relevant public health experience can sit the CPH exam
True
What are the 2 main models of Education and Training Process for Physicians?
Allopathic (MD) vs Osteopathic (DO)
What are 2 important recent MD/ DO education changes?
Hospice and palliative care recently added
Subspecialty certification for hospitalists (peds and adults)
1910 Flexnor Report caused what?
Flexnor era of US Medicine
Changes in medical education began in the mid ______________
mid-1980s
The Education and training process for nurses is governed by its own laws in the “__________________”
“nursing practice acts”
Give examples of different titles of the nursing practice acts
Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA)
Licensed practical nurses (LPN)
Registered Nurses (RN)
Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
Academic research-based doctoral degree (PhD)
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs)
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) include who?
1) Doctor of Nurse Practice (DNP)
2) Nurse midwives (CNM)
3) Nurse anesthetists (CRNA); to be replaced with Doctoral degree beginning in 2025
4) Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS)
Today, everyone has a role in public health, including who?
1) Pharmacists
2) Dentists and dental assistants/hygienists
3) Primary care specialists, NPs, and PAs are the front lines of clinical prevention
4) All clinicians have the right and responsibility to advocate for patient care and health system improvements
-Example: pediatricians view advocacy as a core responsibility of the profession
1) ________________ specialists, NPs, and PAs are the front lines of clinical prevention
2) All clinicians have the right and responsibility to advocate for what?
3) Pediatricians view ____________ as a core responsibility of the profession
1) Primary care
2) patient care and health system improvements
3) advocacy
Compensation depends on what what 3 general things?
1) Site
2) Insurance
3) Type of institution
Medicare covers services that PAs provide at ______% of the physician fee when billed under the PAs NPI number.
85%
Concierge practice is a yearly membership charging pts several thousand dollars for 1 on 1 care; is this covered by insurance?
No
Without incident-to billing, a non-physician practitioner is reimbursed only ____% the physician fee
85%
List 4 Areas of Shortages of Healthcare Professionals in the US
1) Primary Care Physicians
2) Dentists
3) Nursing
4) BURNOUT
True or false: demand for positions in medical schools far exceeds the supply
True (true in PA schools also)
Give 2 examples of inpatient facilities
Hospitals
Long term care facilities
What are the 2 main types of healthcare institutions?
Inpatient and outpatient
Today, all Hospitals share some common features; ex: all are ____________ by the state and usually ___________ by a national organization (ie The Joint Commission)
licensed; accredited
What are 3 categories of hospitals
General vs Specialty
Nonprofit vs For-profit
Offer Inpatient and Outpatient services
List and describe the 3 main types of non-profit hospitals
1) Private nonprofit: often religious
2) State, local, or federal government-owned
Federal: VA hospitals and military hospital system
3) Run by institutions/universities: ex: Academic health center
Example of Non-profit hospital system:
Department of Veteran Affairs (VA)
As of 2019, VA enrollees can obtain medical care outside the VA system if their wait for the VA exceeds what?
14 days (previously 30) AND the VA will cover the costs
HCA (based in Nashville) is an example of a ______________ hospital
for-profit
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Long-term care facilities
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Give 3 types of outpatient facilities and examples of each
1) Clinical facilities
-Provider clinics, Community Health Centers
2) Diagnostic testing
- Outpatient radiology
3) Therapeutic facilities
-PT, OT
Health Centers Consolidation Act of 1996
Combined community health centers with healthcare services for migrants, the homeless, and residents of _________ housing to consolidate (aka _________ grantees)
public (aka 330 grantees)
Quality can be assessed by what 3 measures?
Structure, process, and outcome measures
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1) Structure
the physical and organizational infrastructure in which care is delivered.
2) Process
the procedures and formal processes that go into delivering care
(Example: credentialing process for healthcare professionals)
Concept of quality differs; explain
Administrators may focus on structure
Example: the availability of operating rooms
Clinicians may focus on process
Example: the technical competence of the providers
Patients may focus on process
Examples: personal relationships and personal satisfaction
External reviewers may focus on the outcome
Example: the number of lives saved
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
says ____________ and ____________ of healthcare delivery are key to the efficiency and quality of care provided.
coordination and integration
There is increasing confusion and _____________ of healthcare in the US, so_________________________connects inpatient and outpatient services to provide a coordinated system of care.
inefficiency; healthcare delivery systems
Efforts to integrate the healthcare system include what 2 things?
1) Integrated healthcare delivery systems
2) Integrated EMRs
1) $20 billion allocated in 2009-2010 for a national system of what?
2) What were there concerns abt?
1) EHRs
2) Privacy, ordering excessive tests/labs
1) What was built on the one-to-one continuity of patient and provider?
2) Coordination is sought between what 2 groups of two things?
1) Primary care
2) Institutions and settings + healthcare delivery and public health functions
The goal of coordination is to formally link what 3 things?
Institutions, services, and information (requires financial coordination)
Coordination of routine care has proven to be ___________ challenging than emergent care
more
Care coordination in emergencies: Emergency response system is an example of a care coordination ___________ .
success
What are the 2 types of errors?
Individual errors
Systems errors
1) What did focus shift from and to?
2) Explain it & what it’s built on
Focus shifted from errors (individual) to safety (system)
“A culture of safety”; built on trust, accountability, and transparency
List 2 benefits of the Patient Safety movement following the To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System Report (2000)
Limited legal liability
Investigating recovery patterns for improvement
Steps needed to build a culture of safety:
- Leadership
- Transparency
- Errors
- Near-misses/Good catches
- Continual assessment
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Part of the civil law so cases decided by jury based on preponderance of the evidence
Builds on negligence law intended to protect an individual from harm
Considered medical malpractice only if the patient can establish all four criteria, which are what?
A duty was owed
A duty was breached
The breach caused injury
Damages occurred
Keystone ICU project
Intervention:
A short checklist of best practices related to catheter use
Outcome:
Incidence dropped to <20% of previous infections
