Week 3 presentations Flashcards
Vaccines and antibiotics
What is an infectious disease?
-According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), an infectious disease is
a dysfunction in the body caused by contagious and harmful microbes that enter the body
and multiply.
-Microbes include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
- These germs can spread from person to person, animal to person, or through contaminated food, water, or surfaces.
What are the 3 steps of a vaccine working?
1) Introduction of Antigens
2) Immune System Activation
3) Memory formation
Differentiate between COVID-19 Vaccines and MMR vaccines
1) COVID-19: Vaccines like the mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) have genetic instructions for
making the virus’s spike protein
2) The MMR vaccine uses a weakened form of the virus to train the immune system.
Myth: Vaccines can cause autism.
1) Where did this come from?
2) Why is it a myth and not fact?
1) 1999: From there, an article was published speculating the effect that autism is a “form of vaccine-induced mercury poisoning.” in DTaP, HIB, and Hep B
2) 2004: “In its eighth and final report, the panel unanimously determined that there was no evidence of a causal relationship between either MMR or thimerosal and autism, no evidence of vaccine-induced autism in ‘‘some small subset’’ of children, and no demonstration of potential biological mechanisms
Myth: The vaccine will give me the disease.
1) Where did this come from?
2) Why is it a myth and not fact?
1) Live vaccines, also known as “attenuated,” which in rare cases can cause minor forms of the disease.
2) While it’s not entirely myth, as you can have a mild form of it, “it’s almost always much less severe than if a child became infected with the disease-causing virus
itself.” The risk of this happening is also very small. And it is important to note that most vaccines are “dead bacteria, which are impossible to get the disease from.”
Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine can be transferred via blood transfusion.
1) Where did this come from?
2) Why is it a myth and not fact?
1) Popped up again during COVID pandemic
2) While it is possible to screen for this vaccine due to antibodies, when it comes to the effects of transfusing blood from a vaccinated individual to a non-vaccinated patient the effects are limited to none. According to America’s Blood Centers, because the COVID-19 vaccine is not a live-vaccine it cannot replicate within the blood. Further, the FDA does not suggest collection of information because it does not affect the viability of the blood.
Vaccine schedules:
1) At birth
2) 2 months
1) At birth: Hep B (3 doses prior to 16 mo)
● 2 months:
○ DTaP (6 total doses)
○ Rotavirus (2-3 doses)
○ Hib (3-4 doses)
○ Pneumococcal conjugate (4 doses)
○ Inactivated poliovirus (3 doses
Vaccine schedules:
1)
1) 6 months: Influenza & Covid-19: (annual
vaccine)
● 12 months:
○ MMR & Varicella
○ Hep A (2 doses 6 months apart before 2yr)
● 12 yrs:
○ HPV
○ Meningococcal (2nd dose at 16)
Adult vaccine schedules:
Annual: Influenza & Covid-19
● 19+:
○ TDaP, then Td or TDaP booster every 10
years or for wound management
● 50+: shingles (2 doses) (or 19+ w/ weak
immune system)
● >/= 75 yrs: RSV
Adult vaccine schedule: what lack documentation or lack evidence of immunity?
○ MMR: 1-2 doses on indication
○ Varicella: 2 doses
○ HPV (2-3 doses)
○ Hep B (2-4 doses)
○ Inactivated poliovirus (3 dose series
Define vulnerable populations
Those that have an increased risk of infection due to geographic location, lifestyle, immunosuppression, or pre-existing conditions.
Recommended vaccines by health condition:
1) Diabetes
2) Cardiovasc. disease
3) HIV
4) Liver disease
1) Diabetes: pneumococcal vaccine
2) Cardiovascular disease: pneumococcal vaccine
3) HIV: Hep A, Hep B, meningococcal conjugate, pneumococcal, & shingles vaccines
4) Liver disease: Hep A, Hep B, pneumococcal vaccines
Recommended vaccines by health condition:
1) Liver disease
2) End-stage renal disease
3) Asplenia
4) CD4 count >200
1) Lung disease: pneumococcal vaccines
2) End-stage Renal disease: Hep B & pneumococcal vaccines
3) Asplenia: Hib, pneumococcal, & meningococcal vaccines
4) CD4 count >200: varicella & MMR vaccines
Describe some lifestyle factors that make you a vulnerable population, and what vaccines are recommended
1) International travel
2) Healthcare workers: Covid-19, Flu, varicella, Hep B, meningococcal, MMR, Tdap/Td
3) Pregnancy: Tdap (between 27-36 weeks) + UTD on flu, covid-19, and Hep B
Define herd immunity
Herd immunity is a population condition where the spread of a disease is difficult within the
community/population because the individuals are immune. One of the reasons to increase herd immunity is
vaccination.
Between ____________ and _________________, there was a rise in the number of measles cases and this was seen
in unvaccinated patients or patients with unknown vaccination status. This is under control now
“because of high population immunity, the risk of widespread measles transmission in US remains low”
(Pacheco-García & Serafín-López, 2023).
Jan 2020 and march 2024
Infectious diseases can be prevented at the individual level through vaccination and eventually at the population level through ______________ and _____________
herd immunity and eradication.
How do vaccines help protect the body from diseases?
Vaccines introduce harmless components of a pathogen, prompting the immune system to produce
antibodies and memory cells.
What would be an appropriate solution in achieving herd immunity but at the same
time not challenging choices of people that don’t want vaccines?
It may be hard to achieve overall immunity in the community but some good practices for natural
immunity can be exercise, proper nutrition and hygiene practices.
How often as an adult should you receive a Tdap or Td booster?
Every 10 years
What is an antibiotic?
Medication that treats a bacterial infx by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria
What are some common antibiotic side effects?
Rash
Nausea
Diarrhea
Yeast Infx
How does the extensive use of antibiotics affect our microbiome?
-Changes in microbiota can lead to infx/disease
or pathogen/overgrowth
-Antibiotics kill “bad” bacteria AND our “good” bacteria; reduce # and diversity of microorganisms in our bodies
True or false: your microbiome recovers after antibiotic use, but is permanently altered
True
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria develop the ability to survive exposure to antibiotics designed to kill or inhibit their growth. This makes infections caused by resistant bacteria harder to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses, which may be less effective, more toxic, or both.
Give examples of resistant pathogens
-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
-Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE),
-Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE),
-Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
List some causes of antibiotic resistance
1) Misuse/mismanagement of antibiotics
2) Poor infection control and prevention protocols in healthcare facilities
3) Poor hygiene and sanitation
4) Agricultural overuse
5) Lack of access to affordable medications, vaccines, and diagnostics
Antibiotic resistance is a threat to global health prompting various laws and regulations aimed at reducing its impact; list and describe 2
1) PASTEUR Act of 2021: The Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscription to End Upsurging Resistance Act was introduced to establish a program focused on developing antimicrobial innovations targeting the most challenging pathogens and threatening infections
2) 21st Century Cures Act: the law provides the FDA with mechanisms to review and approve new antibiotics efficiently thereby encouraging the development of treatments for resistant infections
FDA’s Antimicrobial Stewardship Policies and CDC’s Reporting Requirements both do what?
Aim to reduce antibiotic resistance
Define antibiotic stewardship
the effort to measure and improve how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients
What are the goals for antibiotic stewardship?
1) Regulate administration and use of antibiotics using The 5 “D’s”: drug, dose, drug-route, duration, de-escalation
2) Prevent overuse
3) Reduce resistance
4) Diminish adverse effects
5) Improve patient outcomes
6) Education
List ways we can help prevent antibiotic resistance
1) Antibiotic stewardship
2) Take antibiotics as prescribed
3) Promote vaccination
4) Practice proper hygiene and sanitation
5) Use safe food practices
6) Improve regulations and monitoring of the spread of antibiotic resistance globally
