Mental + Envt Health (wk 7) Flashcards
1) Untreated mental illness can often increase the risk of what?
2) Is mental illness increasing or decreasing globally?
3) COVID-19 increased depression and anxiety by ____% in the first year
4) 2001 WHO-Mental health report: 1 and __ suffer from mental illness.
1) Other diseases.
2) Increasing yearly
3) 25%
4) 1 and 4
1) Give examples of things found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
2) ____% of adults suffer from mental illness.
3) What two mental illnesses are most common?
4) What is there an increased risk of with mental illness?
5) What are ppl with mental illness more likely to have or and do? (3 things)
1) Anxiety, Psychosis, Disturbances of Mood or Cognition
2) 23%
3) Depression and anxiety
4) Increased risk of injuries and injury-related death; both intentional and unintentional
5) Have chronic diseases, use tobacco and alcohol and illicit drugs.
Surveys are conducted by the CDC and others; give 3 examples and describe each
1) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
Telephone survey. 450,000/year
Adverse childhood events: Traumatic events that occur during childhood.
2) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): Questions about post-partum depression
3) National Health and Nutrition Exam Survey: The number of mentally unhealthy days and measures of depression
True or false: Southeastern states generally have higher prevalence of depression, psychological distress and an average number of mentally unhealthy days.
True
What genre of mental health disorder is more common in women? What abt men?
1) Females = anxiety + mood disorders
2) Males = impulse-control disorders + SUDs (substance disorders)
1) What are the causes of most mental illness?
2) What 3 types of factors is there an interaction between during mental illness?
1) Unknown
2) Biological, psychological, and sociocultural
Causes of mental illness:
1) Genetic factors?
2) Example of exposure to stressful events?
3) Other factors?
1) Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Autism, ADHD
2) PTSD
3) Family Factors + Community factors
1) What 2 things increase risk of mental health difficulties in childhood/ adolescence?
2) Give examples of other factors not mentioned
Both biological factors and adverse psychosocial experiences increase risk
2) Intrauterine exposure to alcohol/tobacco
-Lead exposure
-Malnutrition during pregnancy
-Birth trauma
-Chromosomal Syndromes
-Maternal depression
-Child abuse + neglect
Depression, conduct disorder, delinquency and impaired social functioning with peers are examples of what?
Childhood and Adolescence mental health Sx
Autism in childhood/ adolescence:
1) S/Sx?
2) Rate according to 2020 CDC? Who’s it more common in?
3) Cause?
1) Wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability
2) 28/1000; Boys>Girls
3) Possible genetic connection; twins: 9/10
Childhood and Adolescence:
1) What is the 3rd leading cause of death in this group?
2) What is the most commonly diagnosed behavior disorder? (hint: 4x more common in boys)
3) Who are Disruptive Disorders freq. seen in?
1) Suicide 3rd leading cause of death
2) ADHD
3) Those with underlying ADHD
What is Project Head Start and what does it do?
Prevention program that:
1) Improves academic performance, peer relations, reduces truancy
2) Minimizes involvement in Juvenile detention centers
Besides Head Start, list 2 other programs for high risk kids
1) Home visits by nurses
2) Parental education component
1) Traits contributing to mental health include what 3 things?
2) 2015 found that _____% of adults in the US had a mental illness diagnosed in the last year.
3) __[fraction]____ of adults in the US will develop at least one mental illness during their lifetime
1) Self-esteem, Optimism, Resilience
2) 17.9%
3) 1/2
1) What group of mental health disorders are prevalent in adults? Give examples
2) Who has a higher rate of these?
3) What 2 disorders are a major cause of disability?
-Who are these more common in?
1) Anxiety disorders (panic disorders, agoraphobia, phobias, OCD, PTSD)
2) Females
3) Depression and bipolar are a major cause of disability
-Depression more prevalent in females; Bipolar does not differ by sex
1) 55+ people often experience what mental health issues?
2) What do they have the highest rates of?
1) Depression, alcohol and drug abuse, anxiety, late-life schizophrenia
2) Suicide
“Ability of a society to handle the impacts of climate change and to take steps to ensure these impacts do not worsen” is the definition of what?
Climate Resilience
1) What are risk factors for mental health issues >55?
2) What is a prevalent mental health condition >55?
1) General medical conditions, admission to a nursing home, high number of Rx drugs, psychosocial stressors (bereavement or isolation)
2) Depression (esp. after loss of a spouse)
1) Why may people not seek mental health Tx?
2) What were the issues with asylums?
1) Stigma, cost of care etc.
-Generally medical insurance coverage is inferior to physical health insurance
2) Sometimes poor, abusive conditions
-Became dependent and lost connection to the community
Mental health Tx:
1) What is the role of inpatient units?
2) What is often a problem for mental health pts?
3) 1 out of 3 ____________ ppl have a mental illness
1) Crisis care and return to community
2) Housing
3) homeless
What are 2 ways to measure Adjusted Life Years?
1) HALYs (Health-Adjusted Life Years)
2) DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
HALYs (Health-Adjusted Life Years):
1) What does it estimate?
2) What is it based on?
3) What is it adjusted for?
1) The average number of years a person can expect to live in good health
2) Mortality and morbidity of a population in a given year
3) Severity of health conditions
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years):
1) What does it measure?
2) How is it calculated?
1) Overall disease burden in a population
2) By adding the number of years lost to premature death + the number of year lived with a disability
1) ________ is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as a cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death
2) What is this measure also equal to?
1) DALY
2) DALY = YLD + YLL
-YLD: years lived w. disability
-YLL: years of life lost
1) What is the average # of years a person is expected to live?
2) What is HALE (health adjusted life expectancy)?
1) Life expectancy
2) The average # of years a person is expected to live in good health by account for yrs lived in less than full health due to disease and/ or injury.
1) How much does the US spend on health care compared to other countries?
2) What does Healthy People 2030 do?
1) More per person/higher GDP
2) Sets evidenced-based national objectives.
1) What does “health in all policies” mean?
2) Give an example
1) Interaction between health and non-health sectors of the government and society
2) Air pollution: clean energy, urban planning, waste management, health ministry, etc
List and describe a Four Step Risk Assessment
1) Hazard Identification
-What health effects are caused by the hazard?
2) Dose-Response Relationship
-What are the health problems at different exposures
3) Exposure Assessment
-How much of the hazard are people exposed to during a specific time period? (ex: how much soot in ur lungs?)
-How many people are exposed?
4) Risk Characterization
-What is the extra risk of health problems in the exposed population?
Balance of Individuals and Society:
1) Define self-imposed risk.
2) Define imposed risk.
1) Risk an individual knowingly and willingly takes.
2) Risk to individuals and populations that is out of their direct control.
Quarantine and imposing risk: are we imposing too much on the individual (i.e. taking away rights) by making them stay inside?
Subjective
List the 5 categories that affect climate change and health (according to chart on slide 23 of ppt)
1) Environmental and institutional context
2) Climate drivers
3) Exposure pathways
4) Health outcomes
5) Social & behavioral context
1) Define climate and the timeframe
2) What does it differ from?
3) What is climate change mitigation?
1) Long-term pattern of weather; usually tracked for 30 years
2) Weather which can change hourly
3) Efforts to reduce greenhouse gase
4th US National Climate Assessment found an:
1) Increase in wildfires and associated smoke in the ________
2) Increase in droughts in the _____________.
1) Northwest
2) Southwest
4th US National Climate Assessment:
1) What 4 things increased in the Northeast?
2) Increasing heavy rains in the _____________ are causing soil erosion
1) Flooding, snowstorms, heat waves and droughts
2) Midwest
Health Outcomes of Climate Change:
1) What direction are they projected to go in?
2) What is the greatest risk group? What specific concerns?
1) Worsen
2) Children and older adults
Respiratory and cardiovascular
Health Outcomes of Climate Change
1) Climate change increases the risk of emerging diseases and co-epidemics, such as what 2 things?
2) Why is there a risk of malnourishment?
1) Malaria and Dengue
2) Reduction of growing season/extreme weather
Give an example of a holistic public health view
OneHealth
1) What is OneHealth’s definition? What does it require?
2) What 3 things does it focus on?
1) Health of people is closely connected to health of animals
-collab. across disciplines
2) Planetary, human, and animal health
1) Define climate resilience
2) Give examples mentioned in class
1) Ability of a society to handle the impacts of climate change and to take steps to ensure these impacts do not worsen
2) Making sure ppl know how to survive hot temps, programs, etc
1) The Paris Agreement was approved by _______ countries to be effective in _______.
2) What did it require?
3) What is a criticism of this agreement?
1) 196; 2016
2) Submit and Implement climate action plans
3) Lacks legal enforcement to hold parties accountable
List 3 goals of the Paris [climate] Agreement
(found on slide 29’s picture)
1) Limit avg. global temp. incr. to <2 degr. C. and achieve net 0 emissions by mid-century.
2) Enhance resilience and adaptation to climate impacts certain to occur.
3) Align financial flows in the world w. these objectives.
Slide 23’s Chart about climate change and health:
Give 5 examples of environmental and institutional context.
1) Land-use change
2) Ecosystem change
3) Infrastructure condition
4) Geography
5) Agricultural production & livestock use
Slide 23: Chart about climate change and health:
Give examples of health outcomes
1) Heat-related illness
2) Cardiopulmonary illness
3) Food-, water-, & vector-borne
Slide 23’s Chart about climate change and health:
Give 5 examples of exposure pathways.
1) Extreme heat
2) Poor air quality
3) Reduced food & water quality
4) Changes in infectious agents
5) Population displacement
