Lecture 6 (wk 4 tues) Flashcards
What are social determinants of health?
Non-medical factors that affect health outcomes
What are the 5 domains of social determinants of health?
1) Economic stability
2) Neighborhood and built environment
3) Education access and quality
4) Social and community context
5) Healthcare access and quality
Economic stability:
1) ____ in 10 live in poverty (US)
2) What is the goal? Why?
3) What is a hurdle towards this?
1) 1
2) Steady employment to reduce # who live in poverty
Less likely to live in poverty, more likely to be healthy
3) Many people have trouble finding and keeping a reliable job.
-Employment programs, career counseling, and high-quality child care opportunities help more people find and keep jobs
Neighborhoods and built envt:
1) What is the goal?
2) What can help reduce health and safety risks and promote health?
-Give an example
1) Create neighborhoods and environments that promote health and safety?
2) Interventions and policy changes at all levels (local, state, and federal)
-Providing opportunities for people to walk and bike in their communities (sidewalks, bike lanes) to increase safety and improve quality of life
Education Access and Quality:
1) What is the goal?
2) How does education correlate with health? Explain
1) Increase educational opportunities and help children and adolescents do well in school
2) Higher education > healthier, live longer
-Children from low-income families, children with disabilities, and children experiencing bullying and other forms of discrimination struggle in school and are less likely to graduate high school and college
-Leads to less safe, lower-paying jobs
Social and Community Context:
1) What is the goal?
2) Why?
1) Increase social and community support
2) Positive interactions and relationships can have a major impact on health and well-being and can reduce the negative impacts from challenges and dangers in the community
Health Care Access and Quality:
1) What is the goal?
2) 1 in ____ do not have health insurance
3) What is critical to getting people care?
1) Increase access to comprehensive, high-quality health care services
2) 10
3) Strategies to increase insurance coverage are critical for everyone to get the care they need
What is the PERIE approach?
Linking problem, etiology, recommendations, implementation, and evaluation as a cycle
What are the “when, who, & how” of public health interventions?
1) When: timing in the course of the disease to implement the intervention
-Primary: before onset of the disease
-Secondary: after development of the disease, but before symptoms
-Tertiary: after initial symptoms, but before irreversible disability
2) Who: at whom should the intervention be directed? Individuals, groups, vulnerable populations, everyone, community wide
3) How: education, motives/incentives, obligation/requirements
Describe, and give examples of these types of public health data:
1) Single case or small series
2) Vital statistics and reportable diseases
3) Surveys and sampling
1) Single case or small series
-Case reports from 1 or a small series of cases
-Ex: SARS, anthrax, mad cow disease- Alerts to new diseases, resistant diseases or spreading of diseases.
2) Vital statistics and reportable diseases
-Ex: vital stats: birth, marriage, divorce, death and some communicable and non-communicable diseases.
-Helps to identify leading causes of deaths, track reportable diseases
3) Surveys and sampling
Disease registries, cancer registry, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES.) can draw conclusions about populations, but very difficult to capture data from every qualifying patient.
Describe, and give uses for these types of public health data:
1) Self-reporting
2) Sentinel monitoring
3) Syndromic Surveillance
1) Self-reporting: monitoring for individual patient side effects can help identify unusual events.
-typically incomplete data and relies on compliance of individual patients.
2) Sentinal Monitoring: monitoring for the beginning of expected outbreaks to detect the start and changes in virus or disease type.
-Must have in depth knowledge of disease patterns.
3) Syndromic Surveillance: use of patterns of symptoms in addition to sales data of increase in use of certain OTC drugs.
-Can be used to detect unexpected outbreaks or bioterrorism based on commonly occurring symptoms.
-Does not provide a diagnosis but can be an early warning.
1) List some bioethics
2) List some public health ethics
3) What is the overlap b/t the two?
1) Autonomy, liberty, privacy, individuals
2) Common good, paternalism, protection, society
3) Critical ethics, human rights, societal goals involving individual input
Nuremberg Trials:
1) What did it establish?
2) What was it?
1) Established 10 principles: The Nuremberg Code
2) Ethics and Research reviewed
-crimes from the Nazi concentration camps
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932):
1) What was this study? Who were the participants?
2) What was the payment?
3) What happened in 1940?
1) Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male”
-600 black men. 399 with syphilis.
2) Received free medical exams, free meals and burial insurance
3) 1940: penicillin available but not given
1) Belmont Report established what?
2) What 3 things did this establish?
3) What are 3 ways these principles are applied?
1) Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) developed
2) Respect for persons, Beneficence, Justice
3) Risk/Benefits Assessment
-Selection of Participants
-Informed Consent
_________________ aims to measure the potential impact of known hazards (inherent danger of an exposure) through the quantity, route, and timing of the exposure.
Risk assessment
Give 4 examples of occupational investigations relevant to risk assessment
1) Chimney sweeps and increased incidence of testicular cancer in the 1700s due to high-dose carbon residue exposure
2) Radiation exposure in workers who painted watches with radiation-containing paint and increased levels of cancer
3) Ship workers in WW2 who were exposed to high levels of asbestos and were later diagnosed with cancer
4) Chemical workers who were exposed to benzene and an increased incidence of leukemia
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) established in __________
1971
What are the 4 steps of risk assessment?
1) Hazard identification: What health effects are caused by the pollutant?
2) Dose-Response Relationship: What are the health problems at different exposures?
3) Exposure Assessment: How much of the hazard are people exposed to during a specific time period?
How many people are exposed?
4) Risk characterization: What is the extra risk of health problems in the exposed population?
1) Public Health Assessment includes data on what?
-Actual exposure in a community.
–Not just the risks in a specific location, but also the risks to large numbers of individuals and often to the population as a whole.
-Can take years/decades to complete
In 2015, over ____________ people in Flint, MI were exposed to high levels of lead in drinking water including a number of children
100,000
Ecological risk assessment examines what?
The impacts of contaminants on ecological systems ranging from chemicals, to radiation, to genetically altered crops
Mercury from industry contaminated the Great Lakes in the 1800s and 1900s. It has been filtered by fish who absorbed the mercury in their fat.
Certain species absorb more mercury than others.
Assessing this issue is an example of what?
Ecological risk assessment
Mercury from industry contaminated the Great Lakes in the 1800s and 1900s. Why is this an issue?
1) Birds eat the fish… so birds are in danger.
2) There is no feasible method of removing mercury from bodies of water.
3) Low levels pose risks to fetuses (neurological damage) so recommendations for limiting fish consumption during pregnancy are a mainstay
- Avoid shark, swordfish, marlin, king mackerel, and tilefish
-Limit salmon, pollock, catfish, and canned light tuna